Abstract
We discuss the possibilities of augmented reality (AR) as a ubiquitous user interface to the real world. A mobile AR system can constantly provide guidance to its user through visual annotation of the physical environment. The first part of the paper discusses the necessary ingredients for ubiquitous AR, on which we have worked in the recent past, namely mobile AR hardware, wide area tracking, unobtrusive user interfaces, application prototypes, and geographic data models suitable for AR. The second part of the paper examines future requirements of such data models in greater detail. Based on the lessons learned in our previous work, we identify shortcoming of existing standards for geographic information systems and visualization models. Ubiquitous AR requires independence of the data model from specific applications and their implicit assumptions. A semantic network model of geo-referenced data provides such a data model. We examine how such a model fits the requirements of AR applications, and how it can be implemented in practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Azuma R. T.: A survey of augmented reality. Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6,4 (August 1997), pp. 355–385.
Coelho E. M., MacIntyre B., Julier S. J.: Osgar: A scene graph with uncertain transformations. In Proc. ISMAR 2004, IEEE 2004.
Furmanski C., Azuma R., Daily M.: Augmented-reality visualizations guided by cognition: Perceptual heuristics for combining visible and obscured information. In Proc. ISMAR 2002, IEEE and ACM, pp. 215–224.
Feiner S., MacIntyre B., Höllerer T., Webster A.: A touring machine: Prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban enviroment. In Proc. ISWC’97, pp. 74–81.
Feiner S., MacIntyre B., Seligmann D.: Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM 36,7 (July 1993), pp. 53–62.
Horrocks I. Using an expressive description logic: FaCT or fiction? In Proc. Princ. of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning KR’98, pp. 636–647.
Höllerer T., Feiner S., Hallaway D., Bell B., Lanzagorta M., Brown D., Julier S., Baillot Y., Rosenblum L.: User interface management techniques for collaborative mobile AR. Computer & Graphics 25,25 (2001), pp. 799–810.
Hallaway D., Höllerer T., Feiner S., Bridging the gaps: Hybrid tracking for adaptive mobile AR. In: Applied Artificial Intelligence, Special Edition on Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Systems, 25,5 (July 2004).
Haarslev V., Möller R., Racer: A core inference engine for the semantic web. In York Sure and Óscar Corcho, editors, Proc. EON2003.
Horrocks I., Patel-Schneider P.F., van Harmelen F. From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The making of a web ontology language. Journal of Web Semantics 1,1 (2003), pp. 7–26.
Julier S., Lanzagorta M., Baillot Y., Rosenblum L., Feiner S., Höllerer T.: Information filtering for mobile augmented reality. In Proc. ISAR 2000 (Munich, Germany, October 5–6 2000), IEEE and ACM, pp. 3–11.
Kolbe T. H., Gröger G.: Towards unified 3d city models. In Proc. of the ISPRS Comm. IV Joint Workshop on Challenges in Geospatial Analysis, Integration and Visualization II (Stuttgart, Germany, 2003).
Leykin A., Tuceryan M.: Automatic determination of text readability over textured backgrounds for AR systems. In Proc. ISMAR 2004, IEEE.
Manola F., Miller E. Rdf Primer. W3C, http://www.w3c.org/TR/rdfprimer/, visited May 3 2003.
Newman J., Wagner M., Bauer M., MacWilliams A., Pintaric T., Beyer D., Pustka D., Strasser F., Schmalstieg D., Klinker G.: Ubiquitous tracking for augmented reality. In Proc. ISMAR 2004, IEEE.
Piekarski W., Avery B., Thomas B. H., and Malbezin P., Integrated Head and Hand Tracking for Indoor and Outdoor AR. In Proc. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, (Chicago, IL, USA, March 2004), pp. 11–276.
Reitmayr G., Chiu C., Kusternig A., Kusternig M., Witzmann H.: iOrb-unifying command and 3d input for mobile augmented reality. In Proc. IEEE VR Workshop on New Directions in 3D User Interfaces, IEEE, pp. 7–10.
Reitmayr G., Schmalstieg D.: OpenTracker — an open software architecture for reconfigurable tracking based on XML. In Proc. IEEE Virtual Reality 2001 (Yokohama, Japan, March 13–17 2001), pp. 285–286.
Reitmayr G., Schmalstieg D.: Location based applications for mobile AR. In Proc. AUIC 2003, Biddle R., Thomas B., (Eds.), vol. 25(3) of Australian Computer Science Communications, ACS, pp. 65–73.
Reitmayr G., Schmalstieg D.: Collaborative augmented reality for outdoor navigation and information browsing. In Geowissenschaftl. Mitteil. Vienna, vol. 66, pp. 53–62.
Schmalstieg D., Fuhrmann A., Hesina G., Szalavari Z., Encarnacao L. M., Gervautz M., Purgathofer W.: The Studierstube AR project. PRESENCE — Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11,1 (2002), pp. 32–54.
Bruce H. Thomas, V. Demczuk, Wayne Piekarski, David Hepworth, and Bernard Gunther. A wearable computer system with AR to support terrestrial navigation. In Proc. ISWC’98, IEEE and ACM, pp. 168–171.
de Vries M., Zlatanova S., Interoperability on the Web: The Case of 3D Geo-Data. In Proc. IADIS International Conference e-Society 2004 (Avila, Spain, July 16–19), pp. 667–674.
Wagner D., Schmalstieg D.: First Steps Towards Handheld Augmented Reality. Proc. 7th International Conference on Wearable Computers, (White Plains, NY, USA, October 21–23, 2003), pp. 127–135.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmalstieg, D., Reitmayr, G. (2007). The World as a User Interface: Augmented Reality for Ubiquitous Computing. In: Gartner, G., Cartwright, W., Peterson, M.P. (eds) Location Based Services and TeleCartography. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-36727-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36728-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)