Abstract
Encoding is the process of coding geographic information defined by application schemas (Chap. 1) into a system-independent data structure suitable for transport and storage. The inverse process is called decoding. The resulting data structure may be stored on digital media or transferred over a network using transfer protocols. While the data structure is intended to be read and interpreted by computers, it may be in a form that is human-readable. In order to allow for unambiguous encoding and decoding of data without loss of information, rules are needed to specify the types of data to be coded and the syntax, structure, and coding schemes used in the resulting data structure. Such encoding rules decouple the representation of data during transport or storage from the representation for other purposes such as spatial analysis, presentation to the user, etc.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CSV:
-
comma-separated values
- Esri:
-
Environmental Systems Research Institute
- FTP:
-
File Transfer Protocol
- GML:
-
Geography Markup Language
- GMLJP2:
-
GML in JPEG 2000 for Geographic Imagery
- GeoRSS:
-
Really Simple Syndication for geographic information
- GeoTIFF:
-
Geography TIFF 6.0
- HTML:
-
Hypertext Markup Language
- HTTP:
-
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- IT:
-
information technology
- JPEG:
-
Joint Photographic Experts Group
- JSON:
-
JavaScript Object Notation
- KML:
-
Keyhole Markup Language
- MDA:
-
Model driven architecture
- MIF:
-
MapInfo Interchange Format
- MIME:
-
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
- OGC:
-
Open Geospatial Consortium
- OMG:
-
Object Management Group
- OWL:
-
Web Ontology Language
- PDF:
-
portable document format (Adobe)
- PIM:
-
platform-independent model
- PSM:
-
platform-specific model
- RSS:
-
Really Simple Syndication
- SVG:
-
Scalable Vector Graphics
- TC:
-
Technical Committee
- TIFF:
-
tagged image file format
- UML:
-
Unified Modeling Language
- W3C:
-
World Wide Web Consortium
- X3D:
-
XML-based file format for representing 3D computer graphics
- XML:
-
Extensible Markup Language
- netCDF:
-
network Common Data Form
References
INSPIRE Drafting Team: INSPIRE D2.7, Guidelines for the encoding of spatial data, Version 3.2 (INSPIRE Drafting Team Data Specifications, Ispra 2010) available from http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/D2.7_v3.2.pdf
Geography Markup Language (GML): Version 3.2, OGC Document 07-036 (Open Geospatial Consortium, Bloomington 2007) available from http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml
ISO 19136:2007: Geographic Information – Geography Markup Language (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2007)
OGC KML, Version 2.2 (Open Geospatial Consortium, Wayland 2011) available from http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml
ISO/DIS 19118: Geographic Information – Encoding (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2009)
ISO/TS 19139: Geographic Information – Metadata – XML Schema Implementation (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2007)
W3C: XML Schema Part 0, XML Schema Part 0: Primer. W3C Recommendation (28 October 2004), available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/
M. Ashbridge: MIME media type: Application (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), Washington 2006) available from http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml
C. Portele: Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML (Open Geospatial Consortium Inc., Bloomington 2010) available from http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=37743
W3C XLink: XML linking language, Version 1.0, W3C Recommendation (2001) available from http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/
W3C: XML, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, 5th edn., W3C Recommendation (26 November 2008), available from http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/
The Unicode Consortium: http://unicode.org/ (Mountain View, 2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Portele, C. (2011). Encoding of Geographic Information. In: Kresse, W., Danko, D. (eds) Springer Handbook of Geographic Information. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72680-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72680-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-72678-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-72680-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)