Abstract
Repositories of knowledge about the real world and how it functions are needed to advance research in intelligent, knowledge-intensive systems. The repositories are intended to serve as surrogates for the meaning and context of terms and concepts. These are being developed at two levels: 1) individual domain ontologies that capture concepts about a particular application domain, and 2) upper level ontologies that contain massive amounts of knowledge about the real world and are domain independent. This paper analyzes ResearchCyc, which is a version of the most extensive base of common sense knowledge, the upper level ontology, Cyc. It does so to summarize the current state of the art in upper level ontology development in order to suggest areas for future research. The paper also describes various problems encountered in applying ResearchCyc to web query processing.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O.: The Semantic Web, Scientific American, pp. 1–19 (May 2001)
Bodenreider, O.: The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS): integrating biomedical terminology. Nucleic Acids Res. 1(32) (2004)
Bunge, M.: Treatise on basic philosophy. In: Ontology 1: The furniture of the world, vol. 3, Reidel, Boston (1977)
Conesa, J., Olivé, A.: A Method for Pruning Ontologies in the Development of Conceptual Schemas of Information Systems. Journal of Data Semantics (2006)
Conesa, J., Storey, V.C., Sugumaran, V.: Using Semantic Knowledge to Improve Web Query Processing. In: Kop, C., Fliedl, G., Mayr, H.C., Métais, E. (eds.) NLDB 2006. LNCS, vol. 3999, Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Cyc: Cyc Ontology, http://www.cyc.com
Embley, D.W.: Toward Semantic Understanding: An Approach Based on Information Extraction Ontologies. In: 15th Conf. on Australian Databases, New Zealand (2004)
Embley, D.W., Liddle, S.: TANGO Project (NSF Grant IIS-0083127) (2005), http://tango.byu.edu
Gruber, T.R.: Every ontology is a treaty - a social agreement - among people with some common motive in sharing (Tomas R. Gruber’s Interview). SiG SEMIS - Semantic Web. and Information Systems 1(3), 4–8 (2004)
IBM: alphaWorks: IBM Integrated Ontology Development Toolkit, http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/semanticstk
Informatics, S.M.: The Protege Ontology Editor and Knowledge Acquisition System (2007) (Retrieved January 22, 2007), http://protege.stanford.edu/
ISO/IEC International Standard 9126-1: Software Engineering-Product Quality-Part 1: Quality Model (2001)
Seidenberg, J., Rector, A.L.: Web ontology segmentation: analysis, classification and use. In: WWW 2006, pp. 13–22 (2006)
Lenat, D.B.: CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure. Communications of the ACM 11(38), 33–38 (1995)
Li, M., Wang, D., et al.: Ontology Construction for Semantic Web: A Role-Based Collaborative Development Method. In: Zhang, Y., Tanaka, K., Yu, J.X., Wang, S., Li, M. (eds.) APWeb 2005. LNCS, vol. 3399, pp. 609–619. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Matuszek, C., et al.: Searching for common sense: populating Cyc from the web. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2005)
Minsky, M.: A Conversation with Marvin Minsky About Agents. Communications of the ACM 37(7), 22–29 (1994)
Noy, N.F.: Semantic Integration: A Survey of Ontology-Based Approaches. SIGMOD 33(4), 65–70 (2004)
Obrst, L., Cassidy, P., Ray, S., Smith, B., Soergel, D., West, M., Yim, P.: The 2006 Upper Ontology Summit Joint Communique (2006)
O’Hara, T., et al.: Inducing criteria for mass noun lexical mappings using the Cyc KB, and its extension to WordNet. In: Workshop on Computational Semantics, Tilburg (2003)
Ram, S., Park, J.: Semantic Conflict Resolution Ontology (SCROL): An Ontology for Detecting and Resolving Data and Schema-Level Semantic Conflicts. IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data. Engineering 16(2), 189–202 (2004)
Sugumaran, V., Storey, V.: The Role of Domain Ontologies in Database Design: An Ontology Management and Conceptual Modeling Environment. ACM Transactions on Database Systems 31(3), 1064–1094 (2006)
Swartout, W.R., Patil, R., et al.: Toward Distributed use of Large-Scale Ontologies. In: Proc. Tenth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Canada (1996)
Volz, R., Studer, R., et al.: Pruning-based Identification of Domain Ontologies. Journal of Universal Computer Science 9(6), 520–529 (2003)
W3C: OWL Web Ontology Language-Overview. W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
W3C: SPARQL Query Language for RDF, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/
Egyed, A.: Automated Abstraction of Class Diagrams. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 11(4), 449–491 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Conesa, J., Storey, V.C., Sugumaran, V. (2007). Experiences Using the ResearchCyc Upper Level Ontology. In: Kedad, Z., Lammari, N., Métais, E., Meziane, F., Rezgui, Y. (eds) Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. NLDB 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4592. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73351-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73351-5_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73350-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73351-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)