Abstract
Large-scale complex systems (LSS) have traditionally been characterized by large numbers of variables, structure of interconnected subsystems, and other features that complicate the control models such as nonlinearities, time delays, and uncertainties. The decomposition of LSS into smaller, more manageable subsystems allowed for implementing effective decentralization and coordination mechanisms. The last decade revealed new characteristic features of LSS such as the networked structure, enhanced geographical distribution and increased cooperation of subsystems, evolutionary development, and higher risk sensitivity. This chapter aims to present a balanced review of several traditional well-established methods and new approaches together with typical applications. First the hierarchical systems approach is described and the transition from coordinated control to collaborative schemes is highlighted. Three subclasses of methods that are widely utilized in LSS – decentralized control, simulation-based, and artificial-intelligence-based schemes – are then reviewed. Several basic aspects of decision support systems (DSS) that are meant to enable effective cooperation between man and machine and among the humans in charge with LSS management and control are briefly exposed. The chapter concludes by presenting several technology trends in LSS.
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Abbreviations
- AI:
-
artificial intelligence
- ANN:
-
artificial neural network
- ATC:
-
available transfer capability
- CIM:
-
computer integrated manufacturing
- CRM:
-
customer relationship management
- DM:
-
decision-making
- DMP:
-
decision-making processes
- DMP:
-
dot matrix printer
- DSS:
-
decision support system
- FDD:
-
fault detection and diagnosis
- FLC:
-
fuzzy logic control
- FOC:
-
federation object coordinator
- GA:
-
genetic algorithms
- HMS:
-
hierarchical multilevel system
- ICT:
-
information and communication technology
- IFAC:
-
International Federation of Automatic Control
- KS:
-
knowledge subsystem
- LMI:
-
linear matrix inequality
- LS:
-
language subsystem
- LSS:
-
large-scale complex system
- MIS:
-
management information system
- MIS:
-
minimally invasive surgery
- MPC:
-
model-based predictive control
- PCA:
-
principal component analysis
- PCB:
-
printed circuit board
- PID:
-
proportional, integral, and derivative
- PPS:
-
problem processing subsystem
- RT:
-
radiotherapy
- RT:
-
register transfer
- SDS:
-
sequential dynamic system
- SoS:
-
systems of systems
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Filip, FG., Leiviskä, K. (2009). Large-Scale Complex Systems. In: Nof, S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_36
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