Areal Data
Areal data y i are data that are assigned to spatial regions A i , i = 1, 2, …, n. Such data and spatial areas naturally arise at different levels of spatial aggregation, like data assigned to countries, counties, townships, political districts, constituencies or other spatial regions that are featured by more or less natural boundaries. Examples for data y i might be the number of persons having a certain chronic illness, number of enterprises startups, average income, population density, number of working persons, area of cultivated land, air pollution, etc. Like all spatial data, also areal data are marked by the fact that they exert spatial correlation to the data from neighboring areas. Tobler (1970) expresses this in his first law of geography: “everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” It is this spatial correlation which is investigated, modeled and taken into account in the analysis of areal data.
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Spöck, G., Pilz, J. (2011). Analysis of Areal and Spatial Interaction Data. In: Lovric, M. (eds) International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_114
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