Abstract
In order to drive Genetic Programming (GP) search towards an optimal situation, balancing selection pressure between the parent and offspring selection phases is an important aspect and very challenging. Our previous work showed that stochastic elements cannot be removed from both parent and offspring selections and suggested that maximising diversity in parents and minimising randomness in offspring could provide significantly good performance. This paper conducts additional carefully designed experiments to further investigate how diverse the parent should be if the offspring selection pressure is intensive. This paper shows that any attempt on adding more selection pressure to the parent selection can result in lower GP performance, and the higher the parent selection pressure, the worse the GP performance. The results confirm and strengthen the finding in our previous work.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Koza, J.R.: Genetic Programming — On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. MIT Press, Cambridge (1992)
Tettamanzi, A., Tomassini, M.: Soft Computing: Integrating Evolutionary, Neural, and Fuzzy Systems. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Rubinstein, R., Kroese, D.: Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (2007)
Goldberg, D.E., Deb, K.: A comparative analysis of selection schemes used in genetic algorithms. Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, 69–93 (1991)
Julstrom, B.A., Robinson, D.H.: Simulating exponential normalization with weighted k-tournaments. In: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 227–231. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (2000)
Filipović, V., Kratica, J., Tošić, D., Ljubić, I.: Fine grained tournament selection for the simple plant location problem. In: 5th Online World Conference on Soft Computing Methods in Industrial Applications, pp. 152–158 (2000)
Huber, R., Schell, T.: Mixed size tournament selection. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications 6, 449–455 (2002)
Sokolov, A., Whitley, D.: Unbiased tournament selection. In: Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 1131–1138. ACM Press, New York (2005)
Tackett, W.A.: Recombination, selection, and the genetic construction of computer programs. PhD thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA (1994)
Lang, K.J.: Hill climbing beats genetic search on a boolean circuit synthesis of Koza’s. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning, Tahoe City, California, USA. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1995)
Harries, K., Smith, P.: Exploring alternative operators and search strategies in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Genetic Programming, Stanford University, CA, USA, pp. 147–155. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1997)
Majeed, H., Ryan, C.: A less destructive, context-aware crossover operator for gp. In: Collet, P., Tomassini, M., Ebner, M., Gustafson, S., Ekárt, A. (eds.) EuroGP 2006. LNCS, vol. 3905, pp. 36–48. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Xie, H., Zhang, M., Andreae, P.: An analysis of constructive crossover and selection pressure in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 1739–1746 (2007)
Mahfoud, S.W.: Crowding and preselection revisited. In: Männer, R., Manderick, B. (eds.) Parallel problem solving from nature, vol. 2, pp. 27–36. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1992)
Terrio, M.D., Heywood, M.I.: On naive crossover biases with reproduction for simple solutions to classification problems. In: Deb, K., et al. (eds.) GECCO 2004. LNCS, vol. 3103, pp. 678–689. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Poli, R., Langdon, W.B.: Backward-chaining evolutionary algorithms. Artificial Intelligence 170, 953–982 (2006)
Xie, H., Zhang, M., Andreae, P., Johnston, M.: Is the not-sampled issue in tournament selection critical? In: Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 3711–3718. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (2008)
Bonham, C.R., Parmee, I.C.: An investigation of exploration and exploitation within cluster oriented genetic algorithms (COGAs). In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1491–1497. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Eshelman, L.J., Caruana, R.A., Schaffer, J.D.: Biases in the crossover landscape. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on Genetic algorithms, pp. 10–19. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (1989)
Eshelman, L., Schaffer, J.: Crossover’s niche. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 9–14. Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco (1993)
Eiben, A.E., Schippers, C.A.: On evolutionary exploration and exploitation. Fundamenta Informaticae 35, 35–50 (1998)
Jong, K.A.D., Spears, W.M.: A formal analysis of the role of multi-point crossover in genetic algorithms. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 5 (1992)
Tsutsui, S., Ghosh, A., Corne, D., Fujimoto, Y.: A real coded genetic algorithm with an explorer and an exploiter populations. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 238–245. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1997)
Michalewicz, Z., Fogel, D.B.: How to Solve It: Modern Heuristics. Springer, New York (2000)
Gustafson, S.M.: An Analysis of Diversity in Genetic Programming. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham (2004)
McMahon, A., Scott, D., Browne, W.: An autonomous explore/exploit strategy. In: Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 103–108. ACM Press, New York (2005)
Naudts, B., Schippers, A.: A motivated definition of exploitation and exploration. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, vol. 1, p. 800. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Blickle, T., Thiele, L.: A mathematical analysis of tournament selection. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 9–16 (1995)
Downing, R.M.: Neutrality and gradualism: encouraging exploration and exploitation simultaneously with binary decision diagrams. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Vancouver, pp. 615–622. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Xie, H., Zhang, M. (2009). Balancing Parent and Offspring Selection in Genetic Programming. In: Nicholson, A., Li, X. (eds) AI 2009: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. AI 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 5866. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10439-8_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10439-8_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10438-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10439-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)