Abstract
Motion and time dependency are inherent in video signals. In video watermarking algorithms, analyzing P frames can reduce the visible artifacts and preserve the video quality. In a watermarked video stream, two visual artifacts may occur considered as spatial noise and temporal flicker. Even by embedding the watermark in I frames, some visible artifacts may occur in P frames. In this paper, statistical analysis of the coefficients in each block is utilized to provide the information to select the best positions for embedding the watermark in order to prevent noticeable spatial noise. On the other hand, motion information as one of the available data in every coding standard is exploited for analyzing the temporal variation of video signals. The inter mode information extracted from P frames are employed to decrease the temporal quality degradation. Compromising between perceptual quality and bit rate increment is another advantage of the proposed method.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Solachidis, V., Pitas, L.: Watermarking digital 3-d volumes in the discrete Fourier transform domain. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 9, 1373–1383 (2007)
Campisi, P., Neri, A.: Video watermarking in the 3D-DWT domain using perceptual masking, vol. 1, pp. 997–1000 (2005)
Hartung, F., Girod, B.: Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video. Signal Processing 66, 283–301 (1998)
Noorkami, M., Mersereau, R.M.: Compressed-domain video watermarking for H.264. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2005. ICIP 2005, vol. 2, pp. II-890–II-893 (2005)
Langelaar, G.C., Lagendijk, R.L.: Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 10, 148–158 (2001)
Stefan Winkler, E.D.G., Ebrahimi, T.: Toward Perceptual Metrics for Video Watermark Evaluation. In: SPIE, vol. 5203, pp. 371–378 (2003)
Watson, A.B., Hu, J., McGowan, J.F.: Digital video quality metric based on human vision. Journal of Electronic Imaging 10, 20–29 (2001)
Noorkami, M., Mersereau, R.M.: A framework for robust watermarking of H.264-encoded video with controllable detection performance. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2, 14–23 (2007)
Koz, A., Alatan, A.A.: Oblivious spatio-temporal watermarking of digital video by exploiting the human visual system. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 18, 326–337 (2008)
Quan, L., Hong, L.: Robust Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on H.264. In: 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008. WiCOM 2008, pp. 1–3 (2008)
Lihua, T., Nanning, Z., Jianru, X., Tao, X.: A CAVLC-Based Blind Watermarking Method for H.264/AVC Compressed Video. In: Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference, 2008. APSCC 2008, pp. 1295–1299. IEEE, Los Alamitos (2008)
Noorkami, M., Mersereau, R.M.: Improving Perceptual Quality in Video watermarking using motion estimation. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 1389–1392 (2006)
Noorkami, M., Mersereau, R.M.: Towards robust compressed-domain video watermarking for H.264. In: Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, vol. 6072, pp. 60721A-60729. SPIE, San Jose (2006)
Pei, W., Zhendong, Z., Jun, Y.: A novel video watermark technique in motion vectors. In: International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing, 2008. ICALIP 2008, pp. 1555–1559 (2008)
Wang, Z., Bovik, A.C., Sheikh, H.R., Simoncelli, E.P.: Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 600–612 (2004)
Xiaopeng, F., Yan, L., Wen, G.: A novel coefficient scanning scheme for directional spatial prediction-based image compression. In: Proceedings of 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME 2003, vol. 2, pp. II-557–560 (2003)
Richardson, I.E.G.: H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia: Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mansouri, A., Torkamani-Azar, F., Mahmoudi Aznaveh, A. (2009). Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC Compressed Video Watermarking. In: Muneesawang, P., Wu, F., Kumazawa, I., Roeksabutr, A., Liao, M., Tang, X. (eds) Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2009. PCM 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5879. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10467-1_78
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10467-1_78
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10466-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10467-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)