Abstract
Digital image forensics has become a very important research topic. This paper proposes a method to detect the forgery of digital image by (1) computing the interpolated coefficient for the images using expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, (2) generating the probability map, (3) obtaining the frequency spectrum of the probability map, (4) determining whether an image has been tampered based on the periodicity characteristics of the spectrum. The experimental results show that our approach is effective to detect three different image forgeries: (a) air-brush or brush strokes, (b) different blurring filters, and (c) composite image taken from different cameras.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Yeung, M.M.: Digital watermarking. Commun. ACM 41(7), 30–33 (1998)
Rey, C., et al.: A survey of watermarking algorithms for image authentication. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2002(6), 613–621 (2002)
Fridrich, J.: Methods for tamper detection in digital images. In: Proceedings of Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia, pp. 19–23
Mahdian, B., Saic, S.: Detection of copy–move forgery using a method based on blur moment invariants. Forensic science international 171(2–3), 180–189 (2007)
Fridrich, J., et al.: Detection of copy–move forgery in digital images. In: Digital Forensic Research Workshop, August 2003, pp. 55–61. IEEE Computer Society, Cleveland (2003)
Popescu, A., Farid, H.: Exposing digital forgeries by detecting traces of re-sampling. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 53(2), 758–767 (2005)
Prasad, S., Ramakrishnan, K.R.: On resampling detection and its application to image tampering. In: IEEE ICME, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1325–1328 (2006)
Yun, Y.I., et al.: Detection of digital forgeries using an image interpolation from digital images. In: 12th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Consumer (April 2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lin, Tk., Huang, CL. (2009). Digital Image Forensics Using EM Algorithm. In: Muneesawang, P., Wu, F., Kumazawa, I., Roeksabutr, A., Liao, M., Tang, X. (eds) Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2009. PCM 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5879. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10467-1_94
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10467-1_94
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10466-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10467-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)