Abstract
Systems for interactive storytelling and drama rely on agent theories to model characters, and adopt various techniques to cope with non-determinism at the story level, such as story models, combining them according to sophisticate architectural designs. However, a consolidated approach has not emerged yet, that fully reconciles these two dimensions. In this paper, we propose a unifying framework to accommodate the tension between story control and character behavior. By using a model of agent to analyze a classical example, we show that this tension cannot be solved by discharging the distinguishing properties of agency. Rather, we claim that the accurate modeling of agency is a prerequisite to the success of any attempt to solve this tension, together with the possibility for the author to state the story direction in terms of explicitly declared values.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pizzi, D., Charles, F., Lugrin, J., Cavazza, M.: Interactive storytelling with literary feelings. In: Paiva, A.C.R., Prada, R., Picard, R.W. (eds.) ACII 2007. LNCS, vol. 4738, pp. 630–641. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Damiano, R., Lombardo, V., Nunnari, F., Pizzo, A.: Dramatization meets information presentation. In: Proceedings of ECAI 2006, Riva del Garda, Italy (2006)
Aylett, R., Vala, M., Sequeira, P., Paiva, A.: Fearnot!–an emergent narrative approach to virtual dramas for anti-bullying education. In: Cavazza, M., Donikian, S. (eds.) ICVS-VirtStory 2007. LNCS, vol. 4871, pp. 202–205. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Mateas, M., Stern, A.: Integrating plot, character and natural language processing in the interactive drama Fa¸ade. In: TIDSE 2003 (2003)
Theune, M., Faas, S., Heylen, D., Nijholt, A.: The virtual storyteller: Story creation by intelligent agents. In: Proceedings TIDSE 2003, pp. 204–215. Fraunhofer IRB Verlag (2003)
Riedl, M., Young, M.: From linear story generation to branching story graphs. IEEE Journal of Computer Graphics and Applications, 23–31 (2006)
Spierling, U.: Adding Aspects of “Implicit Creation” to the Authoring Process in Interactive Storytelling. In: Cavazza, M., Donikian, S. (eds.) ICVS-VirtStory 2007. LNCS, vol. 4871, pp. 13–25. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Murray, J.: Hamlet on the Holodeck. The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)
Ryan, M.: Avatars of Story. University of Minnesota Press (2006)
Wardrip-Fruin, N., Harrigan, P.: First Person: New Media As Story, Performance, and Game. MIT Press, Cambridge (2004)
Damiano, R., Lombardo, V., Pizzo, A.: Formal encoding of drama ontology. In: Subsol, G. (ed.) ICVS-VirtStory 2005. LNCS, vol. 3805, pp. 95–104. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Egri, L.: The Art of Dramatic Writing. Simon and Schuster, New York (1946)
McKee, R.: Story. Harper Collins, New York (1997)
Bratman, M., Israel, D.J., Pollack, M.E.: Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning. Computational Intelligence 4, 349–355 (1988)
Norling, E., Sonenberg, L.: Creating Interactive Characters with BDI Agents. In: Proceedings of the Australian Workshop on Interactive Entertainment IE 2004 (2004)
Rank, S., Petta, P.: Appraisal for a character-based story-world. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds.) IVA 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3661, pp. 495–496. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Peinado, F., Cavazza, M., Pizzi, D.: Revisiting Character-based Affective Storytelling under a Narrative BDI Framework. In: Proc. of ICIDIS 2008, Erfurt, Germany (2008)
Ortony, A., Clore, G., Collins, A.: The Cognitive Stucture of Emotions. Cambrigde University Press (1988)
Bates, J., Loyall, A., Reilly, W.: An architecture for action, emotion, and social behaviour. In:Artificial Social Systems. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 830. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
Damiano, R., Pizzo, A.: Emotions in drama characters and virtual agents. In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Emotion, Personality, and Social Behavior (2008)
Szilas, N.: Idtension: a narrative engine for interactive drama. In: Proc. 1st International Conference on Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment (TIDSE 2003), Darmstadt, Germany (2003)
Peinado, F., Gervás, P.: Transferring Game Mastering Laws to Interactive Digital Storytelling. In: Göbel, S., Spierling, U., Hoffmann, A., Iurgel, I., Schneider, O., Dechau, J., Feix, A. (eds.) TIDSE 2004. LNCS, vol. 3105, pp. 48–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Hartmann, K., Hartmann, S., Feustel, M.: Motif definition and classification to structure non-linear plots and to control the narrative flow in interactive dramas. In: Subsol, G. (ed.) ICVS-VirtStory 2005. LNCS, vol. 3805, pp. 158–167. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Swartjes, I., Theune, M.: A fabula model for emergent narrative. In: Göbel, S., Malkewitz, R., Iurgel, I. (eds.) TIDSE 2006. LNCS, vol. 4326, pp. 49–60. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Sgouros, N.: Dynamic generation, management and resolution of interactive plots. Artificial Intelligence 107(1), 29–62 (1999)
Mateas, M., Stern, A.: Structuring content in the fa¸ade interactive drama architecture. In: Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2005)
Weiss, S., Müller, W., Spierling, U., Steimle, F.: Scenejo–an interactive storytelling platform. In: Subsol, G. (ed.) ICVS-VirtStory 2005. LNCS, vol. 3805, pp. 77–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Iurgel, I.: Cyranus–an authoring tool for interactive edutainment applications. In: Pan, Z., Aylett, R.S., Diener, H., Jin, X., Göbel, S., Li, L. (eds.) Edutainment 2006. LNCS, vol. 3942, pp. 577–580. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Medler, B., Magerko, B.: Scribe: A tool for authoring event driven interactive drama. In: Göbel, S., Malkewitz, R., Iurgel, I. (eds.) TIDSE 2006. LNCS, vol. 4326, pp. 139–150. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Riedl, M., Stern, A.: Believable Agents and Intelligent Story Adaptation for Interactive Storytelling. In: Göbel, S., Malkewitz, R., Iurgel, I. (eds.) TIDSE 2006. LNCS, vol. 4326, pp. 1–12. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L., van Gent, R.: Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation. In: First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems, San Francisco (1995)
Cavazza, M., Charles, F., Mead, S.: Interacting with virtual characters in interactive storytelling. In: Proc. of the First Int. Joint Conf. on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (2002)
Anderson, E.: Value in Ethics and Economics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1993)
van Fraassen, B.: Values and the heart’s command. Journal of Philosophy 70(1), 5–19 (1973)
Campbell, J.: The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1949)
van Riemsdijk, M., Dastani, M., Winikoff, M.: Goals in Agent Systems: A Unifying Framework. In: Proceedings of AAMAS 2008 (2008)
Cohen, P.R., Levesque, H.J.: Intention is choice with commitment. Artificial Intelligence 42, 213–261 (1990)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Damiano, R., Lombardo, V. (2010). Using Values to Turn Agents into Characters. In: Filipe, J., Fred, A., Sharp, B. (eds) Agents and Artificial Intelligence. ICAART 2009. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 67. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11819-7_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11819-7_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11818-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11819-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)