Skip to main content

Do-It-Yourself Eye Tracker: Low-Cost Pupil-Based Eye Tracker for Computer Graphics Applications

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 7131))

Abstract

Eye tracking technologies offer sophisticated methods for capturing humans’ gaze direction but their popularity in multimedia and computer graphics systems is still low. One of the main reasons for this are the high cost of commercial eye trackers that comes to 25,000 euros. Interestingly, this price seems to stem from the costs incurred in research rather than the value of used hardware components. In this work we show that an eye tracker of a satisfactory precision can be built in the budget of 30 euros. In the paper detailed instruction on how to construct a low cost pupil-based eye tracker and utilise open source software to control its behaviour is presented. We test the accuracy of our eye tracker and reveal that its precision is comparable to commercial video-based devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Peli, E., Yang, J., Goldstein, R.B.: Image invariance with changes in size: the role of peripheral contrast thresholds. JOSA A 8(11), 1762–1774 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ohshima, T., Yamamoto, H., Tamura, H.: Gaze-directed Adaptive Rendering for Interacting with Virtual Space. In: Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 1996), p. 103 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  3. RED250 Technical Specification. SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  4. ITU Gaze Tracker software, IT University of Copenhagen, ITU GazeGroup, http://www.gazegroup.org/home

  5. Jacob, R.J.K., Karn, K.S.: Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. The Minds Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gog, T., Scheiter, K.: Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning. Learning and Instructions 20(2), 95–99 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pan, B., Hembrooke, H.A., Gay, G.K., Granka, L.A., Feusner, M.K., Newman, J.K.: The determinants of web page viewing behavior: an eye-tracking study. In: Proc. of the 2004 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA 2004), pp. 147–154 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lin, C.S., Huan, C.C., Chan, C.N., Yeh, M.S., Chiu, C.: Design of a computer game using an eye-tracking device for eye’s activity rehabilitation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 42(1), 91–108 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Duchowski, A.T.: A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods 34(4), 455–470 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Robinson, D.A.: A method of measuring eye movements using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 10, 137–145 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kaufman, A., Bandopadhay, A., Shaviv, B.: An eye tracking computer user interface. In: Proc. of the Research Frontier in Virtual Reality Workshop, pp. 78–84. IEEE Computer Society Press (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Duchowski, A.T.: Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Springer, London (2007)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Cornsweet, T., Crane, H.: Accurate two-dimensional eye tracker using first and fourth Purkinje images. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63(8), 921–928 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Crane, H., Steele, C.: Accurate three-dimensional eye tracker. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 17(5), 691–705 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li., D., Babcock, J., Parkhurst, D.J.: OpenEyes: a low-cost head-mounted eye-tracking solution. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, ETRA 2006, pp. 95–100 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Yun, Z., Xin-Bo, Z., Rong-Chun, Z., Yuan, Z., Xiao-Chun, Z.: EyeSecret: an inexpensive but high performance auto-calibration eye tracker. In: Proc. of ETRA 2008, pp. 103–106 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pelz, J., Canosa, R., Babcock, J., Kucharczyk, D., Silver, A., Konno, D.: Portable eyetracking: A study of natural eye movements. In: Proc. of the SPIE, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, pp. 566–582 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Morimoto, C.H., Mimica, M.: Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 98(1), 4–24 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. San Agustin, J., Skovsgaard, H., Hansen, J.P., Hansen, D.W.: Low-cost gaze interaction: ready to deliver the promises. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 4453–4458 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Morimoto, C., Koons, D., Amir, A., Flickner, M., Zhai, S.: Keeping an Eye for HCI. In: Proc. of the XII Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, pp. 171–176 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Agustin, J.S., Mollenbach, E., Barret, M.: Evaluation of a Low-Cost Open-Source Gaze Tracker. In: Proc. of ETRA 2010, Austin, TX, March 22-24, pp. 77–80 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yoo, D.H., Chung, M.J., Ju, D.B., Choi, I.H.: Non-intrusive Eye Gaze Estimation using a Projective Invariant under Head Movement. In: Proc. of the Internat. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Washington, DC, pp. 94–99 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  23. ITU-R.REC.BT.500-11: Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality for television pictures (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Riguer, G., Tatarchuk, N., Isidoro, J.: Real-time depth of field simulation. ShaderX2: Shader Programming Tips and Tricks with DirectX 9.0, 529–579 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mantiuk, R., Bazyluk, B., Tomaszewska, A.: Gaze-Dependent Depth-of-Field Effect Rendering in Virtual Environments. In: Ma, M. (ed.) SGDA 2011. LNCS, vol. 6944, pp. 1–12. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Mantiuk, R., Kowalik, M., Nowosielski, A., Bazyluk, B. (2012). Do-It-Yourself Eye Tracker: Low-Cost Pupil-Based Eye Tracker for Computer Graphics Applications. In: Schoeffmann, K., Merialdo, B., Hauptmann, A.G., Ngo, CW., Andreopoulos, Y., Breiteneder, C. (eds) Advances in Multimedia Modeling. MMM 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7131. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-27354-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27355-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics