Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 408))

  • 736 Accesses

Abstract

The IMS Learning Design specification is a widely known language that allows modelling of, amongst other learning designs, collaboration scripts in e-learning. Yet, it has been criticized for a number of shortcomings and specifically its lack of support for comprehensive adaptation features. We propose concrete extensions to the specification, which address a wide range of problems and omissions. The most important areas of modifications and amendments include: explicit representation of groups and corresponding collaboration contexts, as well as of artefacts as results of joint work; flexible integration of communication and collaboration services; a revamped script organization and sequencing model; a previously missing run-time model, with support for event- and exception- handling. The above are complemented by a wide range of adaptive interventions that can affect the script’s progress at run-time, tailor it to changing circumstances, and support learners. Last but not least, sophisticated scenarios are made possible through support for non-traditional collaboration script elements: the possibility to represent human involvement in adaptation decisions, ‘transactional’ action processing, loops and branches for controlling action execution, and the declaration of re-usable action sequences and complex expressions. Further to the proposed changes, examples are provided that highlight the novel possibilities afforded by these changes for advanced collaboration scripts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Roschelle, J., Teasley, S.D.: The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving. In: O’Malley, C. (ed.) Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 69–97. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Dillenbourg, P.: What do you mean by collaborative learning? In: Dillenbourg, P. (ed.) Collaborative-Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches, pp. 1–19. Elsevier, Oxford (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Paramythis, A., Mühlbacher, J.R.: Towards New Approaches in Adaptive Support for Collaborative e-Learning. In: Proceedings of the 11th IASTED International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education (CATE 2008), pp. 95–100. ACTA Press, Crete (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zumbach, J., Schönemann, J., Reimann, P.: Analyzing and supporting collaboration in cooperative computer-mediated communication. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning – Learning 2005: The Next 10 Years!, pp. 758–767. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Taipei (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Dillenbourg, P.: Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design (2002), http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190230/en/

  6. Miao, Y., Hoeksema, K., Hoppe, H.U., Harrer, A.: CSCL Scripts: Modelling Features and Potential Use. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning – Learning 2005: The Next 10 Years!, pp. 423–432. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Taipei (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Donnell, A.M., Dansereau, D.F.: Scripted Cooperation in Student Dyada: A Method for Analyzing and Enhancing Academic Learning and Performance. In: Hertz-Lazarowitz, R., Miller, N. (eds.) Interaction in Cooperative Groups: The Theoretical Anatomy of Group Learning, pp. 120–141. Cambridge University Press, London (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  8. IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc.: Learning Design Specification (Version 1.0 Final Specification) (2003), http://www.imsglobal.org/learningdesign/

  9. Pea, R.D.: The social and technological dimensions of scaffolding and related theoretical concepts for learning, education, and human activity. The Journal of the Learning Sciences 13, 423–451 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Rummel, N., Spada, H., Hauser, S.: Learning to collaborate while being scripted or by observing a model. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 4, 69–92 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Rummel, N., Weinberger, A., Wecker, C., Fischer, F., Meier, A., Voyiatzaki, E., Kahrimanis, G., Spada, H., Avouris, N., Walker, E., Koedinger, K.R., Rosé, C.P., Kumar, R., Gweon, G., Wang, Y.-C., Joshi, M.: New challenges in CSCL: Towards adaptive script support. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the Learning Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 338–345. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Utrecht (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Demetriadis, S., Karakostas, A.: Adaptive Collaboration Scripting: A Conceptual Framework and a Design Case Study. In: International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS 2008), pp. 487–492. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Paramythis, A.: Adaptive Support for Collaborative Learning with IMS Learning Design: Are We There Yet? In: Proceedings of the Adaptive Collaboration Support Workshop, held in Conjunction with the 5th International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems (AH 2008), pp. 17–29. L3S Research Center, Hannover (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Caeiro, M., Anido, L., Llamas, M.: A Critical Analysis of IMS Learning Design. In: Proceedings of CSCL 2003, pp. 363–367. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Bergen (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Torres, J., Dodero, J.M.: Analysis of Educational Metadata Supporting Complex Learning Processes. In: Sartori, F., Sicilia, M.Á., Manouselis, N. (eds.) MTSR 2009. CCIS, vol. 46, pp. 71–82. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Hagen, K., Hibbert, D., Kinshuk, P.: Developing a Learning Management System Based on the IMS Learning Design Specification. In: IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2006), pp. 420–424. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. König, F., Paramythis, A.: Towards Improved Support for Adaptive Collaboration Scripting in IMS LD. In: Wolpers, M., Kirschner, P.A., Scheffel, M., Lindstaedt, S., Dimitrova, V. (eds.) EC-TEL 2010. LNCS, vol. 6383, pp. 197–212. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. König, F., Paramythis, A.: Collaboration Contexts, Services, Events and Actions: Four Steps Closer to Adaptive Collaboration Support in IMS LD. In: International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS 2010), pp. 145–152. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. König, F., Paramythis, A.: Closing the Circle: IMS LD Extensions for Advanced Adaptive Collaboration Support. In: International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, pp. 421–426. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Laurillard, D.: The pedagogical challenges to collaborative technologies. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 4, 5–20 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Soller, A., Lesgold, A.: Modeling the Process of Collaborative Learning. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on New Technologies in Collaborative Learning (NTCL 2000), Awaji-Yumebutai, Japan (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gweon, G., Rose, C., Carey, R., Zaiss, Z.: Providing support for adaptive scripting in an on-line collaborative learning environment. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 251–260. ACM, Montréal (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Constantino-González, M.A., Suthers, D.D.: An approach for coaching collaboration based on difference recognition and participation tracking. In: The Role of Technology in CSCL: Studies in Technology Enhanced Collaborative Learning, pp. 87–113. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lipponen, L.: Exploring foundations for computer-supported collaborative learning. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community, pp. 72–81. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Boulder (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Suthers, D.D.: Technology affordances for intersubjective learning: a thematic agenda for CSCL. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning – Learning 2005: The Next 10 Years!, pp. 662–671. International Society of the Learning Sciences (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Haake, J.M., Pfister, H.-R.: Flexible Scripting in Net-Based Learning Groups. In: Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., Haake, J.M. (eds.) Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 155–175. Springer US, Boston (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. King, A.: Scripting Collaborative Learning Processes: A Cognitive Perspective. In: Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., Haake, J.M. (eds.) Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 13–37. Springer US, Boston (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Kobbe, L., Weinberger, A., Dillenbourg, P., Harrer, A., Hämäläinen, R., Häkkinen, P., Fischer, F.: Specifying computer-supported collaboration scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 2, 211–224 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dillenbourg, P., Jermann, P.: Designing Integrative Scripts. In: Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., Haake, J.M. (eds.) Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 275–301. Springer US, Boston (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Häkkinen, P., Mäkitalo-Siegl, K.: Educational Perspectives on Scripting CSCL. In: Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., Haake, J.M. (eds.) Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 263–271. Springer US, Boston (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Suthers, D.D.: Roles of Computational Scripts. In: Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., Haake, J.M. (eds.) Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 177–187. Springer US, Boston (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Wecker, C., Fischer, F.: Fading scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning: the role of distributed monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 764–772. International Society of the Learning Sciences, New Brunswick (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  33. Walker, E., Rummel, N., Koedinger, K.: CTRL: A research framework for providing adaptive collaborative learning support. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 19, 387–431 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dillenbourg, P., Baker, M., Blaye, A., O’Malley, C.: The evolution of research on collaborative learning. In: Learning in Humans and Machine: Towards an Interdisciplinary Learning Science, pp. 189–211. Elsevier, Oxford (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Karakostas, A., Demetriadis, S.: Adaptation patterns in systems for scripted collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, vol. 1, pp. 477–481. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Rhodes (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Masthoff, J.: An Exploration of Adaptive Collaboration Support. In: Paramythis, A., Weibelzahl, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the Adaptive Collaboration Support Workshop, held in Conjunction with the 5th International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems (AH 2008), pp. 5–7. L3S Research Center, Hannover (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Dillenbourg, P., Baker, M.: Negotiation Spaces in Human-Computer Collaborative Learning. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cooperative Systems (COOP 1996), Juan-Les-Pins, France, pp. 187–206 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Miao, Y., Hoppe, U.: Adapting Process-Oriented Learning Design to Group Characteristics. In: Proceeding of the 2005 Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology, pp. 475–482. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hernández-Leo, D., Asensio-Pérez, J.I., Dimitriadis, Y.A.: Computational Representation of Collaborative Learning Flow Patterns using IMS Learning Design. Educational Technology & Society 8, 75–89 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Miao, Y., Burgos, D., Griffiths, D., Koper, R.: Representation of Coordination Mechanisms in IMS Learning Design to Support Group-based Learning. In: Lockyer, L., Bennett, S., Agostinho, S., Harper, B. (eds.) Handbook of Research on Learning Design and Learning Objects: Issues, Applications and Technologies, pp. 330–351. IDEA Group, Hershey (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. de la Fuente Valentin, L., Miao, Y., Pardo, A., Delgado Kloos, C.: A Supporting Architecture for Generic Service Integration in IMS Learning Design. In: Times of Convergence. Technologies Across Learning Contexts. pp. 467–473 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dalziel, J.: From Re-usable E-learning Content to Re-usable Learning Designs: Lessons from LAMS (2005), http://www.lamsinternational.com/CD/html/resources.html

  43. Towle, B., Halm, M.: Designing Adaptive Learning Environments with Learning Design. In: Koper, R., Tattersall, C. (eds.) Learning Design. A Handbook on Modelling and Delivering Networked Education and Training, pp. 215–226. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Berlanga, A.J., Garcia, F.J.: A Proposal to Define Adaptive Learning Designs. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for Educational Adaptive Hypermedia (SW-EL 2004), pp. 354–358. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zarraonandia, T., Dodero, J.M., Fernández, C.: Crosscutting Runtime Adaptations of LD Execution. Educational Technology & Society 9, 123–137 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Paramythis, A., Cristea, A.: Towards Adaptation Languages for Adaptive Collaborative Learning Support. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Individual and Group Adaptation in Collaborative Learning Environments (IGACLE 2008) held in Conjunction with the 3rd European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (EC-TEL 2008). CEUR Worhshop Proceedings, Maastricht, The Netherlands (2008), ISSN 1613–1673, CEUR-WS.org/Vol-384/FULLPAPER-p6.pdf

  47. Russell, N., Arthur, van der Aalst, W., Mulyar, N.: Workflow Control-Flow Patterns: A Revised View. BPMcenter.org (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Reinhard, W., Schweitzer, J., Völksen, G., Weber, M.: CSCW Tools: Concepts and Architectures. Computer 27, 28–36 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Carroll, J.M., Neale, D.C., Isenhour, P.L., Rosson, M.B., McCrickard, D.S.: Notification and awareness: synchronizing task-oriented collaborative activity. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 58, 605–632 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Workspace Awareness in Real-Time Distributed Groupware: Framework, Widgets, and Evaluation. In: Sasse, A., Cunningham, R.J., Winder, R. (eds.) People and Computers XI (Proceedings of HCI 1996), pp. 281–298. Springer, London (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J., Rein, G.: Groupware: some issues and experiences. Communications of the ACM 34, 39–58 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ellis, C., Wainer, J.: A conceptual model of groupware. In: Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 79–88. ACM, Chapel Hill (1994)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephin, C., Sikes, J., Snapp, M.: The Jigsaw Classroom. Sage Publishing Company, Beverly Hills (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lochhead, J., Whimbey, A.: Teaching analytical reasoning through thinking aloud pair problem solving. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 73–92 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Dillenbourg, P., Tchounikine, P.: Flexibility in macro-scripts for computer-supported collaborative learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 23, 1–13 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Constantino-Gonzalez, M.A., Suthers, D.D., de los Santos, J.G.E.: Coaching Web-based Collaborative Learning based on Problem Solution Differences and Participation. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 13, 263–299 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Totterdell, P., Rautenbach, P.: Adaptation as a problem of design. In: Browne, D., Totterdell, P., Norman, M. (eds.) Adaptive User Interfaces, pp. 59–84. Academic Press, London (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sakai: Sakai Project. Sakai Foundation, http://www.sakaiproject.org

  59. Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative: Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM 2004) 4th edn., Version 1.1 – Run-Time Environment (2009), http://www.adlnet.gov/Technologies/scorm/

  60. Abel, F., Heckmann, D., Herder, E., Hidders, J., Krause, D., Leonardi, E., Van Der Slujis, K.: A Framework for Flexible User Profile Mashups. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Adaptation and Personalization for Web 2.0 (AP-WEB 2.0 2009), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Trento, Italy, pp. 1–10 (2009) ISSN 1613-0073. CEUR-WS.org/Vol-485/paper1.pdf

  61. Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., Llamas-Nistal, M., Anido-Rifón, L.: Towards a Benchmark for the Evaluation of LD Expressiveness and Suitability. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1–14 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Florian König .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

König, F., Paramythis, A. (2012). Adaptive Collaboration Scripting with IMS LD. In: Daradoumis, T., Demetriadis, S., Xhafa, F. (eds) Intelligent Adaptation and Personalization Techniques in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 408. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28586-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28586-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28585-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28586-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics