Abstract
Departing from the ECJ’s Huber case where Germany was condemned for discriminatory processing of personal data and which suggests that there is a strong kin between data protection and discrimination issues, this chapter is an attempt to further compare the two fundamental rights - non-discrimination, and data protection.
Beyond their place in the EU legal order, their respective object or scope, this chapter will contend that these two human rights increasingly turn to the same mode of operation, including, inter alia, reliance upon administrative structures and procedures, and the endowment of citizens with a bundle of individual rights. We will argue that this similarity can be understood in the light of their nature as regulatory human rights, that is, embodying the logic of negative freedom.
The final section will examine situations of overlap between the rights, building upon the Huber and Test-Achats cases. This will lead to final conclusions on how to best articulate these rights.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Directive 79/7/EEC, on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security. Official Journal L006/24 (January 10, 1979)
Directive 92/85/EEC, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding. Official Journal L348/01 (November 28, 1992)
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. Official Journal L281/31 (November 23, 1995)
Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC). Official Journal C340/01 (November 10, 1997)
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin. Official Journal L180/22 (July 19, 2000)
Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. Official Journal L303/16 (December 2, 2000)
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EUCFR) of 7 December 2000. Official Journal C 364/01 (December 18, 2000)
Regulation 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data. Official Journal L8/1 (January 12, 2001)
Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 July 2002 on privacy and electronic communications. Official Journal L201/37 (July 31, 2002)
Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. Official Journal L269/15 (October 5, 2002)
Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. Official Journal L373/37 (December 21, 2004)
Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast of Directive 2002/73/EC). Official Journal L204/23 (July 26, 2006)
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) of 13 December 2007. Official Journal C115/01 (May 9, 2008)
Proposal for a Council Directive of 2 July 2008 on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. COM, 426 (2008)
Council Framework Decision 2008/877/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. Official Journal L350/60 (December 30, 2008)
Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. Official Journal L328/55 (December 6, 2008)
Proposal for a Regulation of 25 January 2012 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection regulation) COM (2012), 11 final
German Federal Government, AZR-Gesetz [AZR Law] of 2 September 1994 (BGBl. IS. 2265), adjusted by Article 5 of the Law of 22 November 2011 (BGBl. I S. 2258)
Belgian Federal Government, Act Combating Certain Forms of Discrimination [Equality Act] of 10 May 2007, p. 29016. Moniteur Belge/Belgisch Staatsblad (May 30, 2007)
Belgian Federal Government, Act Amending the Act of 30 July 1981 on the Punishment of Certain Acts Motivated by Racism or Xenophobia [Anti-Racism Act] of 10 May 2007, p. 29031. Moniteur Belge/Belgisch Staatsblad (May 30, 2007)
Belgian Federal Government, Act Combating Discrimination Between Women and Men [Gender Discrimination Act] of 10 May 2007, p. 29044. Moniteur Belge/Belgisch Staatsblad (May 30, 2007)
Belgian Federal Government, Act on the protection of privacy regarding the processing of personal data of 8 December 1992, p. 5801. Moniteur Belge/Belgisch Staatsblad (March 18, 1993)
Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (signed November 4, 1950)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (C(80)58/FINAL) (adopted on September 23, 1980)
Council of Europe, Convention of the Council of Europe for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data, European Treaty Series No. 108 (adopted January 28, 1981)
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation), COM, 11 final (January 25, 2012)
United Nations (UN) General Assembly, Guidelines for the Regulation of Computerized Personal Data Files (adopted December 14, 1990)
United Nations (UN) General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (adopted December 13, 2006)
Proposal for a Directive on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime, COM, 32 final (February 2, 2011)
Lindquist v. Sweden C-101/01 (November 6, 2003)
Lindorfer v. Council, C-227/04P (September 11, 2007)
Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro regarding Huber v. Germany (Case C- 524/06, 16 December 2008) (April 3, 2008)
Huber v. Germany, C-524/06 (Judgment of December 16, 2008)
Arcelor v. Prime Minister, C-127/07 (Judgment of December 16, 2008)
Test Achats v. Council, C-236/09 (Judgment of March 1, 2011)
S and Marper v UnitedKingdom, application nos. 30562/04 and 30566/04 (Judgment of December 4, 2008)
Rasterfahndung [“trawling”], Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (“Bundesverfassungsgericht”), 1 BvR. 518/02 (Judgment of April 4, 2006)
Huber, Higher Administrative Court for the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (“Oberverwaltungsgericht NRW”), Case 17 A 805/03 (Judgment of June 24, 2009)
Agre, P.E., Rotenberg, M.: Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape. MIT, Cambridge (2001)
Article 29 Working Party, Opinion 4/2007 on the concept of personal data 4/2007. WP 13 (adopted on June 20, 2007)
Article 29 Working Party, Joint contribution to the Consultation of the European Commission on the legal framework for the fundamental right to protection of personal data. WP 169 (adopted on December 01, 2009)
Article 29 Working Party, Opinion 3/2010 on the principle of accountability. WP 173 (adopted on July 13, 2010)
Berlin, I.: Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1969)
Bribosia, E.: La lutte contre les discriminations dans l’Union Européenne: une mosaïque de sources dessinant une approche différenciée. In: Bayart, C., Sottiaux, S., Van Drooghenbroeck, S. (eds.) Les Nouvelles Lois Luttant Contre Les Discriminations – De Nieuwe Federale Antidiscriminatiewetten, pp. 31–62. Die Keure, La Charte, Bruges, Bruxelles
Caracciolo di Torella, E.: The Goods and Services Directive: Limitations and Opportunities. Feminist Legal Studies 13(3), 337–347 (2005)
Closset-Marchal, G., Van Drooghenbroeck, J.-F.: L’action en cessation en matière de discriminations. In: Bayart, C., Sottiaux, S., Van Drooghenbroeck, S. (eds.) Les Nouvelles Lois Luttant Contre Les Discriminations – De Nieuwe Federale Antidiscriminatiewetten, pp. 316–414. Die Keure/ La Charte, Bruges/Bruxelles (2008)
Dabin, J.: Le droit subjectif. Dalloz, Paris (1952)
De Hert, P., Gutwirth, S.: Privacy, Data Protection and Law Enforcement. Opacity of the Individual and Transparency of Power. In: Claes, E., Duff, A., Gutwirth, S. (eds.) Privacy and the Criminal Law, pp. 61–104. Intersentia, Antwerps (2006)
De Hert, P., Gutwirth, S.: Regulating profiling in a democratic constitutional state. In: Hildebrandt, M., Gutwirth, S. (eds.) Profiling the European Citizen. Cross Disciplinary Perspectives, pp. 271–291. Springer, Dordrecht (2008)
De Hert, P., Hildebrandt, M., Gutwirth, S., Saelens, R.: De WBP na de Dexia-uitspraken. Privacy & Informatie 10(4), 147–157 (2007)
De Hert, P., Ashiagbor, D. (eds.): Comparative study on access to justice in gender equality and anti-discrimination law. Synthesis report. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities (2011)
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), Opinion 1/2011 of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights on the Proposal for a Directive on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime, COM, 32 final (2011)
Fredman, S.: Discrimination law. Clarendon, Oxford (2002)
Fredman, S.: Changing the norm: positive duties in equal treatment legislation. Maastricht Journal of European Equality Law 12(4), 369–376 (2005)
Fredman, S.: Transformation or Dilution: Fundamental Rights in the EU Social Space. European Law Journal 12(1), 41–60 (2006)
Fredman, S.: Making Equality Effective: The Role of Proactive Measures. Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 53/2010. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment. Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit EMPL/G/2 (2009, 2010)
Fribergh, E., Kjaerum, M.: Handbook on European non-discrimination law. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (2011)
Gandy, O.: Engaging Rational Discrimination. Paper presented at the Ethics, Technology and Identity, TU Delft, June 18-20 (2008)
Gandy, O.: Engaging rational discrimination: exploring reasons for placing regulatory constraints on decision support systems. Ethics and Information Technology 12(1), 29–42 (2009)
Gellert, R., De Hert, P.: La non discrimination comme réalité effective en Europe? Réflexions sur la procéduralisation du droit de l’égalité européen. Revue Belge de Droit Constitutionnel 1 (forthcoming, 2012)
Gellert, R., Gutwirth, S.: Beyond accountability, the return to privacy? In: Guagnin, D., Hempel, L., Ilten, C., Kroener, I., Neyland, D., Postigo, H. (eds.) Managing Privacy through Accountability. Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming, 2012)
González Fuster, G., De Hert, P., Ellyne, E., Gutwirth, S.: Huber, Marper and Others: Throwing new light on the shadows of suspicion. Justice and Home Affairs, IN:EX Policy Briefs (11) (2010)
Gutwirth, S.: Waarheidsaanspraken in recht en wetenschap. Een onderzoek naar de verhouding tussen recht en wetenschap met bijzondere illustraties uit het informaticarecht. VUBPress/Maklu, Brussel/Antwerpen (1993)
Gutwirth, S.: De polyfonie van de democratische rechtsstaat’ [The polyphony of the democratic constitutional state]. In: Elchardus, M. (ed.) Wantrouwen en Onbehagen [Distrust and Uneasiness], vol. 14, Balans. VUBPress, Brussels (1998)
Gutwirth, S.: Privacy and the information age. Rowman & Littlefield, Oxford (2002)
Mayer-Schönberger, V.: Generational Development of Data Protection in Europe. In: Agre, P.E., Rotenberg, M. (eds.) Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape, pp. 219–242. MIT, Cambridge (2001)
McCrudden, C., Prechal, S.: The Concepts of Equality and Non-Discrimination in Europe: A Practical Approach. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G.2 (2009), ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4553&langId=en
Meenan, H.: Equality law in an enlarged European Union: understanding the Article 13 Directives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007)
More, G.: The principle of equal treatment: From market unifier to fundamental right? In: Craig, P., de Búrca, G. (eds.) The Evolution of EU Law, pp. 517–553. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)
Posner, R.A.: The Right of Privacy. Georgia Law Review 2(3), 393–422 (1978)
Poullet, Y., Gutwirth, S.: The contribution of the Article 29 Working Party to the construction of a harmonised European data protection system: an illustration of ‘reflexive governance’? In: Perez Asinari, M.V., Palazzi, P. (eds.) Défis du droit à la Protection de la vie Privée – Challenges of Privacy and Data Protection Law, pp. 570–610. Bruylant, Brussels (2008)
Rigaux, F.: La protection de la vie privée et des autres biens de la personnalité. Bruylant, Bruxelles (1990)
Ringelheim, J.: L’évolution contemporaine du droite de la non discrimination. In: Herman, G., Leonard, E., Reman, P. (eds.) Travail, Inégalités et Responsabilité, pp. 163–168. Presses Universitaires de Louvain, Louvain (2010)
Rüegger, M.: La discrimination statistique entre pertinence et arbitraire. Revue de Philosophie Économique 8(1), 73–94 (2007)
Solove, D.J., Rotenberg, M., Schwartz, P.M. (eds.): Information Privacy Law. Aspen, New York (2006)
Strahilevitz, L.J.: Privacy versus Antidiscrimination. University of Chicago Law Review 75(1), 363–382 (2008)
Van Drooghenbroeck, S., Lemmens, K.: Les nouvelles initiatives législatives européennes dans le domaine de la lutte contre la discrimination. Un corpus juris en quête de cohérence. In: Bayart, C., Sottiaux, S., Van Drooghenbroeck, S. (eds.) Actuele Topics Discriminatierecht/Actualités du Droit de la Lutte Contre la Discrimination, pp. 79–125. Die Keure, Brugge (2010)
Weichert, T.: Ausländererfassung in der Bundesrepublik. Die informationelle Sonderbehandlung von Immigrantinnen und Flüchtlingen. Bürgerrechte & Polizei/CILIP 45(2), 30–37 (1993)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gellert, R., de Vries, K., de Hert, P., Gutwirth, S. (2013). A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Discrimination and Data Protection Legislations. In: Custers, B., Calders, T., Schermer, B., Zarsky, T. (eds) Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-30486-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-30487-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)