Abstract
Facial functional impairments develop from a variety of causes. In order to quantify the impairments of animations, the reproducibility of facial animations was investigated. In this paper, non-verbal facial animations of maximal smile, check puff and lip purse were captured by a video stereo photogrammetry system; and anatomical facial landmarks were tracked automatically. The same facial animations of the same persons were captured twice in an interval of 15 minutes for comparison. The set of landmarks was spatially-temporally aligned and the magnitude, speed of reaching the animation peaks and the similarity of the dynamic movements between the first and second captures were calculated. The statistical analysis revealed that the maximal smile was more reproducible than the other two expressions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
De Menezes, Rosati, R., Allievi, C., Sfora, C.: A photographic system for the three-dimensional study of facial morphology. The Angle Orthodontist 79, 1070–1077 (2009), doi:10.2319/10.2139/111008-570
Ayoud, A., Siebert, P., Moos, K., Wray, D., Urquhart, C., Niblett, T.: A vision-based three-dimensional capture system for maxillofacial assessment and surgical planning. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 36, 353–357 (1998)
Ayoud, A., Garrahy, A., Hood, C., White, J., Bock, M., Siebert, J., et al.: Validation of a vision-based, three-dimensional facial imaging system. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, 523–540 (2003)
Weinberg, S.M., Scott, N.M., Neiswanger, K., Brandon, C.A., Marazita, M.L.: Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, 507–518 (2004)
Khambay, B., Nairn, N., Bell, A., Miller, J., Bowman, A., Ayoub, A.: Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution three-dimensional facial imaging system. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 46, 27–32 (2008), doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.017
Wong, J.Y., Oh, A.K., Ohta, E., Hunt, A.T., Rogers, G.F., Mulliken, J.B., et al.: Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, 232–239 (2008), doi:10.1597/06-175.1
Kau, C.H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A.I., Knox, J., Chestnutt, I., Hartles, F., et al.: Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 128, 424–430 (2005), doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.06.37
Ma, L., Xu, T., Lin, J.: Validation of a three-dimensional facial scanning system based on structured light techniques. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 94, 290–298 (2009), doi:10.106/j.cmpb.2009.01.010
Toma, A., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., Ong, E., Richmond, S.: Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on 3D laser-scanned facial images. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 12, 33–42 (2009)
Mishima, K., Yamada, T., Ohura, A., Sugahara, T.: Production of a range image for facial motion analysis: a method for analyzing lip motion. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 30, 53–59 (2006), doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2005.11.002
Mishima, K., Yamada, T., Matsumura, T., Moritani, N.: Analysis of lip motion using principal component analyses. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 39, 232–236 (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2010.04.006
Popat, H., Richmond, S., Marshall, D., Rosin, P.L.: Facial Movement in 3 Dimensions: Average Templates of Lip Movement in adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145, 24–29 (2011), doi:10.1177/0194599811401701
Trotman, C.: Faces in 4 dimension: Why do we care, and why the fourth dimension. American Jornal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 140, 895–899 (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jodo.2011.07.014
Urquhart, C.W., Green, D.S., Borland, E.D.: 4D Capture using Passive Stereo Photogrammetry. In: CVMP 2006, November 29-30, p. 196 (2006)
Popat, H., Henley, E., Richmond, S., Benedikt, L., Marshall, D., Rosin, P.: A Comparison of the Reproducibility of Verbal and Nonverbal Facial Gestures Using Three-dimensional Motion Analysis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 142, 867–872 (2010)
Benedikt, L., Kajic, V., Cosker, D., Rosin, P.L., Marshall, D.: Facial Dynamics in Biometric Identification. In: BMVC 2008 (2008), doi:10.5244/C.22.107
Farkas, L.G.: Photogrammetry of the face. Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 79–88 (1994)
Hajeer, M.Y., Ayoub, A.F., Millett, D., Bock, M., Siebert, J.: Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method. The International Journal of Adult Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery 17, 318–330 (2002)
Zachrisson, B.U.: Esthetic factors involved in anterior tooth display and the smile: vertical dimension. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 32, 432–445 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ju, X., Khambay, B., O’Leary, E., Al-Anezi, T., Ayoub, A. (2012). Evaluation of the Reproducibility of Non-verbal Facial Animations. In: Perales, F.J., Fisher, R.B., Moeslund, T.B. (eds) Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects. AMDO 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7378. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31567-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31567-1_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-31566-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-31567-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)