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Building a Linked Open Data Cloud of Linguistic Resources: Motivations and Developments

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Abstract

We describe on going community-efforts to create a Linked Open Data (sub-)cloud of linguistic resources, with an emphasis on resources that are specific to linguistic research, namely annotated corpora and linguistic databases. We argue that for both types of resources, the application of the Linked Open Data paradigm and the representation in RDF represents a promising approach to address interoperability problems, and to integrate information from different repositories. This is illustrated with example studies for different kinds of linguistic resources.The efforts described in this chapter are conducted in the context of the Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) of the Open Knowledge Foundation. The OWLG is a network of researchers interested in linguistic resources and/or their publication under open licenses, and a number of its members are engaged in the application of the Linked Open Data paradigm to their resources. Under the umbrella of the OWLG, these efforts will eventually emerge in the creation of a Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud (LLOD).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term ‘resource’ is ambiguous here. As understood in this chapter, resources are structured collections of data which can be represented, for example, using RDF. In RDF, however, ‘resource’ is the conventional name of a node in the graph, because, historically, these nodes were meant to represent objects that are described by metadata. Hence, we use the terms ‘node’ or ‘concept’ whenever RDFresources are meant.

  2. 2.

    Federation is possible with SPARQL, although not necessarily very performant with state-of-the-art implementations. A more efficient way than federation is thus to retrieve the content necessary for a particular application from another end point and to query it locally. SPARQL end points provide this functionality, and publishing data under open licenses (see below) warantees that the necessary legal preconditions for this practice are met.

  3. 3.

    http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html, paragraph ‘Is your Linked Open Data 5 Star?’

  4. 4.

    Although the application of RDF to linguistic resources as described here has been occasionally suggested, see [11, 13] for linguistic corpora, but these approaches focused on the RDF representation of individual resources rather than linking them with other types of linguistic resources. As opposed to this, the focus of this chapter is not on modeling linguistic resources, but rather, on the potential to linking these with each other.

  5. 5.

    http://www.anc.org/MASC

  6. 6.

    http://dbpedia.org/

  7. 7.

    http://live.dbpedia.org/resource/Byzantine_Empire

  8. 8.

    Note that [68] have also defined a TF-ICF measure (where “C” stands for “corpus”) with the objective to generate vectors of streaming documents in linear time. In DBpedia Spotlight’s TF*ICF (where “C” stands for “candidate”) the objective is to give more weight to words that are rare among confusable entities.

  9. 9.

    http://spotlight.dbpedia.org/demo

  10. 10.

    http://purl.org/vocabularies/princeton/wn30/synset-Byzantine-adjective-2

  11. 11.

    http://glottolog.livingsources.org

  12. 12.

    http://bibliontology.com/

  13. 13.

    http://language-archives.org

  14. 14.

    http://www.ethnologue.com

  15. 15.

    http://multitree.org/

  16. 16.

    http://wals.info

  17. 17.

    http://phoible.org

  18. 18.

    http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/

  19. 19.

    http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds

  20. 20.

    https://github.com/SebastianNordhoff/LingTyp.owl

  21. 21.

    Compiled by Eugene Chang, http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/

  22. 22.

    http://ontowiki.net

  23. 23.

    http://linguistics-ontology.org

  24. 24.

    http://linguistlist.org/

  25. 25.

    http://www.isocat.org

  26. 26.

    http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl

  27. 27.

    http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax-link.rdf

  28. 28.

    http://www.lexvo.org

  29. 29.

    http://www.lingvoj.org

  30. 30.

    http://linguistics.okfn.org

  31. 31.

    http://okfn.org/

  32. 32.

    http://opendefinition.org

  33. 33.

    For example, complex copyright situations may arise if one resource (say, a lexicon) was developed on the basis of another resource (say, a newspaper archive), and researchers are uncertain whether the examples from the original newspaper contained in the lexicon violate the original copyright. Ethical problems may arise if a data base of quotations from a newspaper is linked to a data base of speakers, and this data base is further connected with, say, obituaries from the same newspaper. Even if this was done only in order to study generation-specific language variation, one may wonder whether such an accumulation of information violates the privacy of the people involved.

  34. 34.

    http://lod-cloud.net

  35. 35.

    http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu

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Acknowledgements

In parts, this chapter is based on a number of earlier conference presentations, including [14, 18] and [38]. We would like to thank the contributors to these papers: Jonas Brekle, Philipp Cimiano, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych, Silvana Hartmann, Sebastian Hellmann, Jens Lehmann, Michael Matuschek, John McCrae, Christian M. Meyer, and Claus Stadler. We would also like to thank all other OWLG members, as well as the participants of LDL-2012. Further, we would like to express our gratitude towards the anonymous reviewers for feedback and comments. The research of the first author was partially supported by a DAAD postdoctoral fellowship at the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Christian Chiarcos

  2. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany

    Steven Moran

  3. Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Pablo N. Mendes

  4. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Sebastian Nordhoff

  5. Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Richard Littauer

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Chiarcos, C., Moran, S., Mendes, P.N., Nordhoff, S., Littauer, R. (2013). Building a Linked Open Data Cloud of Linguistic Resources: Motivations and Developments. In: Gurevych, I., Kim, J. (eds) The People’s Web Meets NLP. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35085-6_12

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