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Reference Architectures for Closing the IT/OT Gap

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Digital Transformation

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Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an allegory for the concept of seamlessly connecting intelligent devices. Its application in the industrial domain envisions a next-generation manufacturing industry. Initiatives such as Industry 4.0 promise higher flexibility, improved quality and productivity. Nonetheless, the enhancements cause an increased complexity in a factory and its organisation as they require a seamless collaboration between all involved units, technological systems and individuals. One way of coping with the extended additional complexity is by utilising Architectural Reference Models (ARMs). State-of-the-art architectures combine different perspectives with a standard model to accommodate design choices, remove knowledge barriers and link the physical and virtual realm. This chapter introduces the basic concepts behind architectural designs and points out historical connections and differences between current ARMs. Moreover, it addresses the needs of converging the historically separated Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) and exemplifies in a use case how ARMs can assist in closing the gap. Finally, the chapter serves as a foundation for the following chapters, introducing architectural concepts like cloud, fog and edge computing.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Tactics are state-of-the-art methodologies used in today’s system architectures.

  2. 2.

    Quality properties are externally visible non-functional properties of a system such as performance, security, or scalability [10].

  3. 3.

    The RFC 7230 family describes the HTTP protocol in detail.

  4. 4.

    https://www.acatech.de/projekt/forschungsbeirat-industrie-4-0/

  5. 5.

    https://www.iiconsortium.org/press-room/01-31-19.htm

  6. 6.

    More about the IT/OT gap follows in Sect. 5.

  7. 7.

    For further details, see International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC] standards 62890, 62264, and 61512.

  8. 8.

    In the following paragraphs, the differences between IIRA and RAMI 4.0 are given priority as IoT-A and IIRA do not specify communication technologies.

  9. 9.

    FORA—Fog Computing for Robotics and Industrial Automation: http://www.fora-etn.eu/.

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Acknowledgements

This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 764785, FORA—Fog Computing for Robotics and Industrial Automation.

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  1. Computer Engineering/Automation Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Germany

    Patrick Denzler & Wolfgang Kastner

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  1. Patrick Denzler
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Correspondence to Wolfgang Kastner .

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  1. Technische Universität München, Garching b. München, Bayern, Germany

    Birgit Vogel-Heuser

  2. Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Oberösterreich, Austria

    Manuel Wimmer

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Denzler, P., Kastner, W. (2023). Reference Architectures for Closing the IT/OT Gap. In: Vogel-Heuser, B., Wimmer, M. (eds) Digital Transformation. Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2_4

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