Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an allegory for the concept of seamlessly connecting intelligent devices. Its application in the industrial domain envisions a next-generation manufacturing industry. Initiatives such as Industry 4.0 promise higher flexibility, improved quality and productivity. Nonetheless, the enhancements cause an increased complexity in a factory and its organisation as they require a seamless collaboration between all involved units, technological systems and individuals. One way of coping with the extended additional complexity is by utilising Architectural Reference Models (ARMs). State-of-the-art architectures combine different perspectives with a standard model to accommodate design choices, remove knowledge barriers and link the physical and virtual realm. This chapter introduces the basic concepts behind architectural designs and points out historical connections and differences between current ARMs. Moreover, it addresses the needs of converging the historically separated Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) and exemplifies in a use case how ARMs can assist in closing the gap. Finally, the chapter serves as a foundation for the following chapters, introducing architectural concepts like cloud, fog and edge computing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Tactics are state-of-the-art methodologies used in today’s system architectures.
- 2.
Quality properties are externally visible non-functional properties of a system such as performance, security, or scalability [10].
- 3.
The RFC 7230 family describes the HTTP protocol in detail.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
More about the IT/OT gap follows in Sect. 5.
- 7.
For further details, see International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC] standards 62890, 62264, and 61512.
- 8.
In the following paragraphs, the differences between IIRA and RAMI 4.0 are given priority as IoT-A and IIRA do not specify communication technologies.
- 9.
FORA—Fog Computing for Robotics and Industrial Automation: http://www.fora-etn.eu/.
References
IoT-A, “IoT-A Internet of Things Architecture. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/257521,” VDI/VDE INNOVATION + TECHNIK GMBH, 2012.
H. Lasi, P. Fettke, H. G. Kemper, T. Feld, and M. Hoffmann, “Industry 4.0,” Business and Information Systems Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 239–242, 2014.
A. Drejer, “Integrating product and technology development,” International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 24, no. 2–3, pp. 124–142, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2002.003048.
M. Weyrich and C. Ebert, “Reference architectures for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Software, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 112–116, 2016.
Harp, Derek R and Gregory-Brown, Bengt, “IT / OT Convergence Bridging the Divide,” NexDefense, p. 23, 2015.
M. Amadeo, C. Campolo, A. Iera, and A. Molinaro, “Named data networking for IoT: An architectural perspective,” in 2014 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2014, pp. 1–5.
E. Woods and N. Rozanski, “Using Architectural Perspectives,” in 5th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA’05), 2005, pp. 25–35.
P. Shames and T. Yamada, “Reference Architecture for Space Data Systems,”
N. Rozanski and E. Woods, “Applying viewpoints and views to software architecture,” Open University White Paper, 2005.
N. Rozanski and E. Woods, Software systems architecture: working with stakeholders using viewpoints and perspectives. Addison-Wesley, 2012.
A. Serbanati, C. M. Medaglia, and U. B. Ceipidor, “Building Blocks of the Internet of Things: State of the Art and Beyond,” in Deploying RFID-Challenges, Solutions, and Open Issues, IntechOpen, 2011.
C. M. MacKenzie, K. Laskey, F. McCabe, P. F. Brown, R. Metz, and B. A. Hamilton, “Reference model for service oriented architecture 1.0,” OASIS standard, vol. 12, no. S 18, 2006.
DIN SPEC 91345:2016-04, “Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0),” DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung, 2016.
T. J. Williams, “The Purdue enterprise reference architecture,” Computers in Industry, vol. 24, no. 2–3, pp. 141–158, 1994.
N. Naik, “Choice of effective messaging protocols for IoT systems: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP and HTTP,” in 2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), 2017, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysEng.2017.8088251.
D. Guinard, V. Trifa, S. Karnouskos, P. Spiess, and D. Savio, “Interacting with the SOA-based Internet of Things: Discovery, query, selection, and on-demand provisioning of Web Services,” IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 223–235, 2010.
B. Li and J. Yu, “Research and application on the smart home based on component technologies and Internet of Things,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 2087–2092, 2011.
M. H. Valipour, B. Amirzafari, K. N. Maleki, and N. Daneshpour, “A brief survey of software architecture concepts and service oriented architecture,” Proceedings - 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, ICCSIT 2009, no. April 2014, pp. 34–38, 2009.
A. P. Castellani, N. Bui, P. Casari, M. Rossi, Z. Shelby, and M. Zorzi, “Architecture and protocols for the Internet of Things: A case study,” 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, PERCOM Workshops 2010, no. June 2014, pp. 678–683, 2010.
I. Ishaq, J. Hoebeke, J. Rossey, E. D. Poorter, I. Moerman, and P. De-meester, “Enabling the Web of Things: facilitating deployment, discovery and resource access to IoT objects using embedded web services,” International Journal of Web and Grid Services, vol. 10, no. 2/3, p. 218, 2014.
V. Stirbu, “Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things,” in 2008 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, IEEE, Aug. 2008, pp. 512–517.
“Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA),” Industrial Internet Consortium, 2015.
OpenFog Consortium, OpenFog Consortium, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.openfogconsortium.org (visited on 09/07/2018).
O. Logvinov, “IEEE 2413-2019 – IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT),” IEEE SA Standards Association, Standard, 2019.
P. Varga, F. Blomstedt, L. L. Ferreira, J. Eliasson, M. Johansson, J. Delsing, and I. M. de Soria, “Making system of systems interoperable–The core components of the Arrowhead framework,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 81, pp. 85–95, 2017.
European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things (IREC), European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things (IREC), 2021. [Online]. Available: http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/index.html.
T. Sauter, S. Soucek, W. Kastner, and D. Dietrich, “The Evolution of Factory and Building Automation,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 35–48, 2011.
W. Mahnke, S.-H. Leitner, and M. Damm, OPC Unified Architecture. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009.
G. Pardo-Castellote, “OMG data-distribution service: Architectural overview,” Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2003. Proceedings. 23rd International Conference on (2003) 200–206, pp. 200–206, 2003.
J. Swetina, G. Lu, P. Jacobs, F. Ennesser, and J. Song, “Toward a standardized common M2M service layer platform: Introduction to onem2m,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 20–26, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2014.6845045.
S. Schriegel, T. Kobzan, and J. Jasperneite, “Investigation on a distributed SDN control plane architecture for heterogeneous time sensitive networks,” in 2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Jun. 2018, pp. 1–10.
M. Wollschlaeger, T. Sauter, and J. Jasperneite, “The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 17–27.
F. Bonomi, R. Milito, P. Natarajan, and J. Zhu, “Fog Computing: A Platform for Internet of Things and Analytics,” in Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 546, Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 169–186.
A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash, “Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376.
P. Pop, B. Zarrin, M. Barzegaran, S. Schulte, S. Punnekkat, J. Ruh, and W. Steiner, “The FORA fog computing platform for industrial IoT,” Information Systems, vol. 98, p. 101–727, 2021, issn: 0306–4379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2021.101727. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306437921000053.
P. Denzler, J. Ruh, M. Kadar, C. Avasalcai, and W. Kastner, “Towards consolidating industrial use cases on a common fog computing platform,” in 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), vol. 1, 2020, pp. 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9211885.
S. A. Boyer, SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. USA: International Society of Automation, 2010.
Acknowledgements
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 764785, FORA—Fog Computing for Robotics and Industrial Automation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Denzler, P., Kastner, W. (2023). Reference Architectures for Closing the IT/OT Gap. In: Vogel-Heuser, B., Wimmer, M. (eds) Digital Transformation. Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-65003-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-65004-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)