Abstract
Powering billions of connected devices has been recognized as one of the biggest hurdles in the development of Internet of Things (IoT). With such a volume of tiny and ubiquitous smart physical objects in this new Internet paradigm, power cables or sizable battery packs are no longer a viable option to bring them online for years and decades. Energy harvesting, which enables devices to be self-sustaining, has been deemed a prominent solution to these constraints. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of IoT devices, from their roles and responsibilities, to the challenges of operating them autonomously in heterogeneous environments. The concepts, principles and design considerations for energy harvesting are introduced to aid researchers and practitioners to incorporate this key technology into their next applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdelwahab, S., B. Hamdaoui, M. Guizani, et al. 2014. Enabling smart cloud services through remote sensing: An internet of everything enabler. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1(3): 276–288.
Akyildiz, I.F., W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, et al. 2002. Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Computer Networks 38(4): 393–422.
Al-Fuqaha, A., M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, et al. 2015. Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 17(4): 2347–2376.
Arms, S.W., et al. 2005. Power management for energy harvesting wireless sensors. In Proceedings of SPIE, ed. V.K. Varadan, San Diego.
Ashton, K. 2009. That ‘Internet of Things’ thing. http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986. Accessed 9 Nov 2016.
Atmel Corporation. 2015. ATA8520D [datasheet]. http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-9390-Smart-RF-ATA8520D_Datasheet.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Atmel Corporation. 2016. SAMB11 ultra low power BLE 4.1 SoC [datasheet]. http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-42426-SmartConnect-SAMB11-SOC_Datasheet.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Atmel Corporation. 2016. SMART SAM R21 [datasheet]. http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-42223. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Atzori, L., A. Iera, and G. Morabito. 2010. The Internet of Things: A survey. Computer Networks 54: 2787–2805.
Beeby, S., and N. White. 2010. Energy harvesting for autonomous systems. Norwood: Artech House.
Berger, A.S. 2002. Embedded systems design: An introduction to processes, tools, and techniques. Berkeley: CMP Books.
Bergonzini, C., D. Brunelli, and L. Benini. 2010. Comparison of energy intake prediction algorithms for systems powered by photovoltaic harvesters. Microelectronics Journal 41(11): 766–777.
Bischoff, U., and G. Kortuem. 2007. Life cycle support for sensor network applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks (MidSens’07), November 2007, 1–6. New York: ACM.
Bormann, C., M. Ersue., and A. Keranen. 2014. RFC 7228 - terminology for constrained-node networks. Internet Engineering Task Force. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7228. Accessed 14 Nov 2016.
Brad, S. 2016. Greener datacenters for a brighter future: Microsoft’s commitment to renewable energy. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2016/05/19/greener-datacenters-brighter-future-microsofts-commitment-renewable-energy/. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
Brill, J. 2015. How does the Amazon Dash Button work? http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2015/04/01/how-does-the-amazon-dash-button-work/#1d5b4f820280. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Buyya, R., A. Beloglazov, and J. Abawajy. 2010. Energy-efficient management of data center resources for cloud computing: A vision, architectural elements, and open challenges. arXiv:1006.0308. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Cammarano, A., et al. 2012. Pro-Energy: A novel energy prediction model for solar and wind energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2012), October 2012, 75–83. Las Vegas: IEEE.
Carvalho, C., and N. Paulino. 2014. On the feasibility of indoor light energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks. Procedia Technology 17: 343–350.
Centenaro, M., L. Vangelista, A. Zanella, et al. 2015. Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios. IEEE Wireless Communications 23(5): 60–67.
Chen, Y.-K. 2012. Challenges and opportunities of Internet of Things. In 17th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, January 2012, 383–388. Sydney: IEEE.
Cheng, M.-Y. et al. 2013. Event-driven energy-harvesting wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring. In 38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, October 2013, 364–372. Sydney: IEEE.
Contiki. 2016. Contiki: The open source operating system for the Internet of Things. http://www.contiki-os.org. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
DallOra, R., et al. 2014. SensEH: From simulation to deployment of energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In 39th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops, September 2014, 566–573. Edmonton: IEEE.
Dargie, W., and C. Poellabauer. 2010. Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks. Chichester: Wiley.
Datta, S.K., et al. 2014. An IoT gateway centric architecture to provide novel M2M services. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, March 2014, 514–519. Seoul: IEEE.
De Sanctis, M., E. Cianca, G. Araniti, et al. 2016. Satellite communications supporting Internet of Remote Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(1): 113–123.
Dilhac, J.-M., and M. Bafleur. 2014. Energy harvesting in aeronautics for battery-free wireless sensor networks. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 29(8): 18–22.
European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration. 2008. Internet of Things in 2020: A roadmap for the future. http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/documents/publications/Internet-of-Things_in_2020_EC-EPoSS_Workshop_Report_2008_v3.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2016.
Ericsson. 2016. Cellular networks for massive IoT. https://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp_iot.pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2016.
Espressif Systems. 2016. ESP32 datasheet. https://espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32_datasheet_en.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Eswaran, A., et al. 2005. Nano-RK: An energy-aware resource-centric RTOS for sensor networks. In 26th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’05), December 2005, 256–265. Miami: IEEE.
Evans, D. 2012. The Internet of Everything - how more relevant and valuable connections will change the world. https://newsroom.cisco.com/video-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1111241. Accessed 9 Nov 2016.
Fortescue, P.W., J.P.W. Stark, and G. Swinerd (eds.). 2011. Spacecraft Systems Engineering, 4th ed. Chichester: Wiley.
Frank, R. 2013. Understanding smart sensors, 3rd ed. Norwood: Artech House.
Gomez, C., J. Oller, and J. Paradells. 2012. Overview and evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology. Sensors 12: 11734–11753.
Gozalvez, J. 2016. New 3GPP standard for IoT [mobile radio]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 11(1): 14–20.
Greenberg, A., J. Hamilton, D.A. Maltz, et al. 2008. The cost of a cloud. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Reviews 39(1): 68–73.
Gubbi, J., R. Buyya, S. Marusic, et al. 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems 29(7): 1645–1660.
Heidt, H., J. Puig-Suari, A. Moore, et al. 2000. CubeSat: A new generation of picosatellite for education and industry low-cost space experimentation. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/smallsat/2000/All2000/32/. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
Hersent, O., D. Boswarthick, and O. Elloumi. 2011. The Internet of Things: Key applications and protocols. Chichester: Wiley.
Hu, Y., and V.O.K. Li. 2001. Satellite-based Internet: A tutorial. IEEE Communications Magazine 39: 154–162.
Karl, H., and A. Willig. 2007. Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks. Hoboken: Wiley.
Khatib, T., A. Mohamed, and K. Sopian. 2012. A review of solar energy modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(5): 2864–2869.
Hua, A.C.-C., and B.Z.-W. Syue. 2010. Charge and discharge characteristics of lead-acid battery and \(\text{LiFePO}_{4}\) battery. In The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference - ECCE ASIA -, June 2010, 1478–1483. Sapporo: IEEE.
Iridium Communications Inc. 2016. Iridium 9603 transceiver. https://www.iridium.com/Products/Details/Iridium-9603?section=tech. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Jayakumar, H., et al. 2014. Powering the Internet of Things. In ISLPED’14. Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 375–380. New York: ACM.
Jessen, J., et al. 2011. Design considerations for a universal smart energy module for energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks. In 2011 Proceedings of the 9th Workshop for Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems, July 2011, 35–40. Regensburg: IEEE.
Jing, Q., A.V. Vasilakos, J. Wan, et al. 2014. Security of the Internet of Things: Perspectives and challenges. Wireless Networks 20(8): 2481–2501.
Kansal, A., J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, et al. 2007. Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 6: 32.
Kopetz, H. 1991. Event-triggered versus time-triggered real-time systems. In Operating systems of the 90s and beyond, Dagstuhl Castle, July 1991. Lecture notes in computer science, eds. Karshmer A, and Nehmer J, vol 563, 86–101. Berlin: Springer.
Kurs, A., A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, et al. 2007. Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science 317(5834): 83–86.
Lee, J.-S., et al. 2007. A comparative study of wireless protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi. In IECON 2007–33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, November 2007, 46–51. Taipei: IEEE.
Lei, C.-U., K.L. Man, H.-N. Liang, et al. 2013. Building an intelligent laboratory environment via a cyber-physical system. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2013: 1–9.
Leonov, V. 2013. Thermoelectric energy harvesting of human body heat for wearable sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal 13(6): 2284–2291.
Lewandowski, S.M. 1998. Frameworks for component-based client/server computing. ACM Computing Surveys 30(1): 3–27.
Liang, N.-C., et al. 2006. Impact of node heterogeneity in ZigBee mesh network routing. In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, October 2006, 187–191. Taipei: IEEE.
Lien, S.-Y. 2014. Machine-to-machine communications: Technologies and challenges. Ad Hoc Networks 18: 3–23.
Loechte, A., F. Hoffmann, C. Krimphove, et al. 2014. Is \(\text{ LiFePO }_{4}\) technology ready for Internet of Things? Advances in Internet of Things 4(1): 1–4.
Lu, J., and K. Whitehouse. 2012. SunCast: Fine-grained prediction of natural sunlight levels for improved daylight harvesting. In 2012 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, April 2012, 245–256. Beijing: IEEE.
Majumder, A., and J. Caffery. 2004. Power line communications: An overview. IEEE Potentials 23(4): 4–13.
McMahon, MM., and R. Rathburn. 2005. Measuring latency in Iridium satellite constellation data services. http://dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/papers/233.pdf. Accessed 4 Dec 2016.
Min, D., et al. 2012. Design and implementation of the multi-channel RS485 IoT gateway. In 2012 International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems, April 2012, 366–370. Bangkok: IEEE.
Mineraud, J., O. Mazhelis, X. Su, et al. 2016. A gap analysis of Internet-of-Things platforms. Computer Communications 89: 5–16.
Minoli, D. 2013. Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6: The evolving world of M2M communications. Hoboken: Wiley.
Moschitta A., and I. Neri. 2014. Power consumption assessment in wireless sensor networks. http://www.intechopen.com/books/ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology/power-consumption-assessment-in-wireless-sensor-networks. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
Moser, C., et al. 2007. Adaptive power management in energy harvesting systems. In 2007 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, April 2007, 1682. Nice: IEEE.
Moser, C., et al. 2008. Robust and low complexity rate control for solar powered sensors. In 2008 Design, Automation and Test in Europe, March 2008, 230–235. Munich: IEEE.
Mosher, D. 2016. SpaceX just asked the FCC to launch 4,425 satellites. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-internet-satellite-constellation-2016-11. Accessed 4 Dec 2016.
Musiani, D., et al. 2007. Active sensing platform for wireless structural health monitoring. In IPSN’07. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, April 2007, 390. New York: ACM.
Nokia. 2016. LTE evolution for IoT connectivity white paper. http://info.networks.nokia.com/LTE-M-Optimizing-LTE-for-the-Internet-of-Things-LP.html. Accessed 4 Dec 2016.
Nordic Semiconductor. 2014. nRF51822 product specification v3.3. http://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF51822_PS_v3.3.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Nordman, B., and K. Christensen. 2013. Local power distribution with nanogrids. In 2013 International Green Computing Conference Proceedings, June 2013, 1–8. Arlington: IEEE.
Park, C., and P. Chou. 2006. AmbiMax: Autonomous energy harvesting platform for multi-supply wireless sensor nodes. In 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, September 2006, 168–177. Reston: IEEE.
Parks, A.N., et al. 2013. A wireless sensing platform utilizing ambient RF energy. In 2013 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems, January 2013, 154–156. Austin: IEEE.
Patel, P., and D. Cassou. 2015. Enabling high-level application development for the Internet of Things. Journal of Systems and Software 103: 62–84.
Penella-Lpez, M.T., and M. Gasulla-Forner. 2011. Powering autonomous sensors. Dordrecht: Springer.
Porter, M.E., and J.E., Heppelmann. 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2014/11/how-smart-connected-products-are-transforming-competition. Accessed 9 Nov 2016.
Priya, S., and D.J. Inman (eds.). 2009. Energy harvesting technologies. Boston: Springer.
Raghunathan, V., and P.H, Chou. 2006. Design and power management of energy harvesting embedded systems. In ISLPED’06. Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, Tegernsee, October 2006, 369. New York: ACM.
Raghunathan, V., et al. 2005. Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems. In IPSN’05. 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, April 2005, 457–462. Los Angeles: IEEE.
Raza, U., P. Kulkarni, and M. Sooriyabandara. 2016 Low power wide area networks: A survey. arXiv:1606.07360. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
Reddy, T. (ed.). 2010. Lindens handbook of batteries, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Renner, C., S. Unterschtz, V. Turau, et al. 2014. Perpetual data collection with energy-harvesting sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 11(1): 1–45.
RIOT. 2016. RIOT–the friendly operating system for the Internet of Things. https://riot-os.org. Accessed 19 Nov 2016.
Roscoe, N.M., and M.D. Judd. 2013. Harvesting energy from magnetic fields to power condition monitoring sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal 13(6): 2263–2270.
Semtech Corporation. 2015. SX1272 datasheet. http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1272.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Sharma, N., et al. 2010. Cloudy computing: Leveraging weather forecasts in energy harvesting sensor systems. In 2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, June 2010, 1–9. Boston: IEEE.
Sharma, N., et al. 2011. Predicting solar generation from weather forecasts using machine learning. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, October 2011, 528–533. Brussels: IEEE.
Shnayder, V., et al. 2004. Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications. In SenSys’04. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, November 2004, 188. New York: ACM.
Silicon Laboratories. 2013. EM351/EM357 high-performance, integrated ZigBee/802.15.4 system-on-chip. http://www.silabs.com/Support%20Documents/TechnicalDocs/EM35x.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Stankovic, J.A. 2014. Research directions for the Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1(1): 3–9.
Sudevalayam, S., and P. Kulkarni. 2011. Energy harvesting sensor nodes: Survey and implications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 13(3): 443–461.
Takacs, A., et al. 2012. Energy harvesting for powering wireless sensor networks on-board geostationary broadcasting satellites. In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications, November 2012, 637-640. Besancon: IEEE.
Texas Instruments. 2015. bq25570 nano power boost charger and buck converter for energy harvester powered applications (rev. E). http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq25570.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec 2016.
Texas Instruments. 2015. CC3200 SimpleLink Wi-Fi and Internet-of-Things solution, a single-chip wireless MCU (rev. F). http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc3200.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Texas Instruments. 2016. CC2630 SimpleLink 6LoWPAN, ZigBee wireless MCU (rev. B). http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2630.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Texas Instruments. 2016. CC2640 SimpleLink Bluetooth wireless MCU (rev. B). http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2640.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Torah, R., P. Glynne-Jones, M. Tudor, et al. 2008. Self-powered autonomous wireless sensor node using vibration energy harvesting. Measurement Science and Technology 19(12): 125202.
Torres, E.O., and G.A. Rincon-Mora. 2009. Electrostatic energy-harvesting and battery-charging CMOS system prototype. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 56(9): 1938–1948.
Tozlu, S., M. Senel, W. Mao, et al. 2012. Wi-Fi enabled sensors for Internet of Things: A practical approach. IEEE Communications Magazine 50(6): 134–143.
Ulmer, C., S. Yalamanchili and L. Alkalai. 2003. Wireless distributed sensor networks for in-situ exploration of Mars. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.116.324&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 7 Dec 2016.
Ungurean, I., et al. 2014. An IoT architecture for things from industrial environment. In 2014 10th International Conference on Communications, May 2014, 1–4. Bucharest: IEEE.
u-blox. 2016. SARA-U2 series - data sheet. https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/SARA-U2_DataSheet_(UBX-13005287).pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
u-blox. 2016. TOBY-L1 series - data sheet. https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/products/documents/TOBY-L1_DataSheet_(UBX-13000868).pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2016.
Van Son, V. 2013. Bringing new wind to Iowa. http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2013/11/bringing-new-wind-to-iowa/. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Vigorito, C.M., et al. 2007. Adaptive control of duty cycling in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In 2007 4th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, June 2007, 21–30. San Diego: IEEE.
Volakis, J.L., U. Olgun, and C.-C. Chen. 2012. Design of an efficient ambient WiFi energy harvesting system. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 6(11): 1200–1206.
Vullers, R., R. Schaijk, H. Visser, et al. 2010. Energy harvesting for autonomous wireless sensor networks. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 2(2): 29–38.
Wang, Q., et al. 2006. A realistic power consumption model for wireless sensor network devices. In 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, September 2006, 286–295. Reston: IEEE.
Wang, W., V. Cionca, N. Wang, et al. 2013. Thermoelectric energy harvesting for building energy management wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2013: 1–14.
Wang, Y., P. He, H. Zhou, et al. 2011. Olivine \(\text{ LiFePO }_{4}\): Development and future. Energy and Environmental Science 4(3): 805–817.
Wang, Y.-P., X., Lin, A. Adhikary, et al. 2016. A primer on 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). arXiv:1606.04171. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Welbourne, E., L. Battle, G. Cole, et al. 2009. Building the Internet of Things using RFID: The RFID ecosystem experience. IEEE Internet Computing 13(3): 48–55.
Wolf, M. 2016. Computers as components: Principles of embedded computing system design, 4th ed. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann.
Xie, L., S. Yi, Y.T. Hou, et al. 2013. Wireless power transfer and applications to sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communications 20(4): 140–145.
Xu, B., L. Xu, H. Cai, et al. 2014. Ubiquitous data accessing method in IoT-based information system for emergency medical services. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10(2): 1578–1586.
Xu, L.D., W. He, and S. Li. 2014. Internet of Things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10(4): 2233–2243.
Yamada, A., S.C. Chung, and K. Hinokuma. 2001. Optimized \(\text{ LiFePO }_{4}\) for lithium battery cathodes. Journal of Electrochemistry Society 148(3): A224.
Yu, H., and Q. Yue. 2012. Indoor light energy harvesting system for energy-aware wireless sensor node. Energy Procedia 16: 1027–1032.
Yuan, S., Y. Huang, J. Zhou, et al. 2015. Magnetic field energy harvesting under overhead power lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 30(11): 6191–6202.
Zhu, T., et al. 2009. Leakage-aware energy synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In MobiSys’09. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, June 2009, 319. New York: ACM.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yau, CW., Kwok, T.TO., Lei, CU., Kwok, YK. (2018). Energy Harvesting in Internet of Things. In: Di Martino, B., Li, KC., Yang, L., Esposito, A. (eds) Internet of Everything. Internet of Things. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5861-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5861-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5860-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5861-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)