Skip to main content

Refining Eye Synthetic Images via Coarse-to-Fine Adversarial Networks for Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Internet Multimedia Computing and Service (ICIMCS 2017)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 819))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 1399 Accesses

Abstract

Recently, several models have achieved great success in terms of reducing the gap between synthetic and real image distributions with large unlabeled real data. However, collecting such large amounts of real data costs a lot of labouring and training them requires high memory. To reduce the gap with less real data, we propose a coarse-to-fine refine eye image method combining coarse model net and fine model net through adversarial training. Coarse model net is a feed-forward convolutional neural network aiming to transform synthetic eye images into coarse images. Fine model net is a modified Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) which add realism to coarse images using unlabeled real data. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves similar distributions as recent work but decreasing real data at least one order of magnitude. In addition, a significant accuracy improvement for gaze estimation with refined synthetic eye images is observed.

X. Fu—This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 61370142 and Grant 61272368, by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Grant 3132016352, by the Fundamental Research of Ministry of Transport of P. R. China Grant 2015329225300.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 107.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gatys, L.A., Ecker, A.S., Bethge, M.: A neural algorithm of artistic style. arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.06576 (2015)

  2. Johnson, J., Alahi, A., Fei-Fei, L.: Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9906, pp. 694–711. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46475-6_43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Cheng, Z., Yang, Q., Sheng, B.: Deep colorization. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 415–423 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Long, J., Shelhamer, E., Darrell, T.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3431–3440 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shrivastava, A., Pfister, T., Tuzel, O., et al.: Learning from simulated and unsupervised images through adversarial training (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lin, T.-Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Dollár, P., Zitnick, C.L.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8693, pp. 740–755. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48

    Google Scholar 

  7. Arjovsky, M., Chintala, S., Bottou, L.: Wasserstein gan. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07875 (2017)

  8. Mahendran, A., Vedaldi, A.: Understanding deep image representations by inverting them. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), pp. 5188–5196 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Radford, A., Metz, L., Chintala, S.: Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434 (2015)

  10. Zagoruyko, S., Komodakis, N.: Wide residual networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.07146 (2016)

  11. Lu, F., Sugano, Y., Okabe, T., et al.: Adaptive linear regression for appearance-based gaze estimation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(10), 2033–2046 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Schneider, T., Schauerte, B., Stiefelhagen, R.: Manifold alignment for person independent appearance-based gaze estimation. In: 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 1167–1172. IEEE (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sugano, Y., Matsushita, Y., Sato, Y.: Learning-by-synthesis for appearance-based 3D gaze estimation. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1821–1828 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wood, E., Baltrušaitis, T., Morency, L.P., Robinson, P., Bulling, A.: Learning an appearance-based gaze estimator from one million synthesised images. In: Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 131–138 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wood, E., Baltrušaitis, T., Zhang, X., Sugano, Y., Robinson, P., Bulling, A.: Rendering of eyes for eye-shape registration and gaze estimation. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 3756–3764 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang, X., Sugano, Y., Fritz, M., Bulling, A.: Appearance-based gaze estimation in the wild. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 4511–4520 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xianping Fu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Fu, X. (2018). Refining Eye Synthetic Images via Coarse-to-Fine Adversarial Networks for Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation. In: Huet, B., Nie, L., Hong, R. (eds) Internet Multimedia Computing and Service. ICIMCS 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 819. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8530-7_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8530-7_41

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8529-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8530-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics