Skip to main content

The Formal Understanding Models

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Cognitive Systems and Signal Processing (ICCSIP 2018)

Abstract

This paper aims to introduce three types of understanding models from the perspective of human cognitive systems and machine information processing. The method steps are as follows: 1. Obtain a complete all equal formal understanding model (A) by constructing a twin Turing machine between numbers and numbers. 2. Obtain an approximately equal intelligent understanding model (B) by constructing a twin Turing machine between numbers and symbols. 3. Obtain a similar socialized understanding model (C) by constructing a twin Turing machine between numbers and characters, which is characterized by: the model A to B and then C gradually converge. As a result, it was found that the machine formal information processing and the human content information processing are opposite in convergence. It is clear that the combination of the three formalized understanding models and the bilingual model of interpretative translation is the key to formal understanding, intelligent understanding and social understanding. Based on them, ambiguity, misunderstanding and understanding are all well understood. The significance is that it proves that the three types of understanding models and the two sets of convergence modes can effectively determine the formal understanding process. Furthermore, it is clear that the ways of human and computer are combined completely which is better than pure humans or simple machines. That can be applied to cognitive systems and information processing perfectly. And its application is in the combination of human-machine-specific personalized ability training and standardized knowledge learning and management, especially based on the targeted reuse of subject knowledge centers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Feinerer, I., Hornik, K., Meyer, D.: Text Mining Infrastructure in R. Feinerer 2015 Text MI (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sapiro-Gheiler, E.: Read My lips: using automatic text analysis to classify politicians by party and ideology. Sapiro Gheiler 2018 Read ML (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Angeli, G., Premkumar, M.J.J., Manning, C.D.: Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information extraction. Angeli 2015 Leveraging LS, ACL (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Corro, L.D., Gemulla, R.: Claus IE: clause-based open information extraction. Corro 2013 Claus IECO WWW (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Padia, A., Ferraro, F., Fin, T.W.: KG Cleaner: identifying and correcting errors produced by information extraction systems. Padia 2018 KGC Leaner I, Journal CoRR, volume, abs/1808.04816 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Jannin, P., Meixensberger, G.S., Burgert, O.: Validation of knowledge acquisition for surgical process models. Jannin 2018 Validation OK (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gordon, J., Van Durme, B.: Reporting bias and knowledge acquisition. Gordon 2013 Reporting BA, AKBC @CIKM (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lin, Y., Liu, Z., Luan, H.-B., Sun, M., Rao, S., Liu, S.: Modeling relation paths for representation learning of knowledge bases. In: Proceedings, Lin 2015 Modeling RP, EMNLP (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kuznetsov, S.O., Poelmans, J.: Knowledge representation and processing with formal concept analysis. Wiley Interdisc. Rew.: Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 3, 200–215 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Manning, C.D., Surdeanu, M., Bauer, J., Finkel, J.R., Bethard, S., McClosky, D.: The stanford core NLP natural language processing toolkit. In: Proceedings Manning 2014 (2014). The SC, ACL

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sarikaya, R., Hinton, G.E., Deoras, A.: Application of deep belief networks for natural language understanding. In: 2014 Processing of IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language, vol. 22, pp. 778–784 (2014). Sarikaya 2014 Application OD

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. Bahdanau 2014 Neural MT, Journal CoRR, volume: abs 1409.0473 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jia, R., Liang, P.: Adversarial examples for evaluating reading comprehension systems. In: Proceedings, Jia 2017 Adversarial EF, EMNLP (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rajpurkar, P., Zhang, J., Lopyrev, K., Liang, P.: SQuAD: 100, 000+ questions for machine comprehension of text. In: Proceedings, Rajpurkar 2016 SQuAD10, EMNLP (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stanley, G.B.: Reading and writing the neural code. Nature Neurosci. 16, 259–263 (2013). Stanley 2013 Reading AW

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. King, K.D.: Bringing creative writing instruction into reminiscence group treatment. Clin. Gerontologist 438, 1–7 (2017). King 2017 Bringing CW

    Google Scholar 

  17. Uddin, G., Khomh, F.: Automatic summarization of API reviews. In: 2017 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE), Udd in 2017 Automatic SO, pp. 159–170 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zou, X.: Original Collection on Smart-System Studied. Published by Smashwords, Inc. 08 September 2018. ISBN 9780463607640

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zou, X.: Advanced Collection on Smart-System Studied. Published by Smashwords, Inc. 15 September 2018. ISBN 9780463020036

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zou, X., Zou, S., Ke, L.: Fundamental law of information: proved by both numbers and characters in conjugate matrices. In: Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 60 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zou, S., Zou, X.: Understanding: how to resolve ambiguity. In: Shi, Z., Goertzel, B., Feng, J. (eds.) ICIS 2017. IAICT, vol. 510, pp. 333–343. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68121-4_36

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Underhill, J.W.: Humboldt Worldview and Language, pp. xii, 161. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Joseph, J.E.: Saussurean tradition in linguistics. In: Concise History of the Language Sciences, pp. 233–239 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  24. French, R.M.: Subcognition and the limits of the turing test. Mind 99(393), 53–65 (1990)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Preston, J., Bishop, M.: Views into the chinese room: new essays on searle and artificial intelligence. Minds Mach. 15(1–111), 97–106 (2005)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Starks, M.R.: The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language as Revealed in the Writings of Wittgenstein and Searle (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Strong, T.: Therapy as a New Language Game? A Review of Wittgenstein and Psychotherapy: From Paradox to Wonder. PsycCRITIQUES (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Heidegger, F.C.: Black notebooks. Philosophy 90(2), 1–12 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zuo, X., Zuo, S.: Indirect computing model with indirect formal method. Comput. Eng. Softw. 32(5), 1–5 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zou, X., Zou, S.: Two major categories of formal strategy. Comput. Appl. Softw. 24(16), 3086–3114 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Xiaohui, Z., Shunpeng, Z.: Bilingual information processing method and principle. J. Comput. Appl. Softw. 32(11), 69–76 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zou, X., Zou, S.: Virtual twin turing machine: bilingual information processing as an example. Software 32(8), 1–5 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Zou, X., Zou, S.: Basic law of information: the fundamental theory of generalized bilingual processing. In: ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, The Information Society at the Crossroads, T9.1002 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Loeb, I.: The role of universal language in the early work of Carnap and Tarski. Synthese 194, 1–17 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Hernández-Orallo, J.: Evaluation in artificial intelligence: from task-oriented to ability-oriented measurement. Artif. Intell. Rev. 48, 1–51 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lu, W., Chen, T.: New conditions on global stability of Cohen-Grossberg neural networks. Neural Comput. 15(5), 1173 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Traoré, M.K., Muzy, A.: Capturing the dual relationship between simulation models and their context. Simul. Modell. Pract. Theor. 14(2), 126–142 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mcgregor, A., Vu, H.T.: Better streaming algorithms for the maximum coverage problem. Theor. Comput. Syst. 1–25 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Partala, T., Surakka, V.: The effects of affective interventions in human–computer interaction. Interact. Comput. 16(2), 295–309 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaohui Zou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zou, X. (2019). The Formal Understanding Models. In: Sun, F., Liu, H., Hu, D. (eds) Cognitive Systems and Signal Processing. ICCSIP 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1005. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7983-3_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7983-3_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7982-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7983-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics