Abstract
Semantic parsing, as an essential approach to question answering over knowledge bases KBQA), transforms a question into query graphs for further generating logical queries. Existing semantic parsing approaches in KBQA mainly focus on relations (called local semantics) with paying less attention to the relationship among relations (called global semantics). In this paper, we present a seq2seq-based semantic parsing approach to improving performance of KBQA by converting the identification problem of question types to the problem of machine translation. Firstly, we introduce a BiLSTM-based named entity recognition (NER) method to extract all classes of entities occurring in questions. Secondly, we present an attention-based seq2seq model to learn one type of a question by applying seq2seq model in extracting relationships among classes. Finally, we generate templates to adopt more question types for matching more complex questions. The experimental results on a real knowledge base Chinese film show that our approach outperforms the existing template matching model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Walker, A.D., Alexopoulos, P., Starkey, A., Pan, J.Z., Gómez-Pérez, J.M., Siddharthan, A.: Answer type identification for question answering. In: Qi, G., Kozaki, K., Pan, J., Yu, S. (eds.) JIST 2015. LNCS, vol. 9544, pp. 235–251. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17
Aneeze, A., Ishwari, K., Karunaratne, H., Mallawarachchi, Y., Nugaliyadde, A., Sudheesan, S.: Advances in natural language question answering: a review. CoRR, abs/1904.05276 (2019)
Bao, J., Duan, N., Zhou, M., Zhao, T.: Knowledge-based question answering as machine translation. In: Proceedings of ACL 2014, pp. 967–976 (2014)
Berant, J., Chou, A., Frostig, R., Liang, P.: Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs. In: Proceedings of EMNLP 2013, pp. 1533–1544 (2013)
Nam, J., Kim, J., Loza MencÃa, E., Gurevych, I., Fürnkranz, J.: Large-Scale Multi-label Text Classification — Revisiting Neural Networks. In: Calders, T., Esposito, F., Hüllermeier, E., Meo, R. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2014. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8725, pp. 437–452. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44851-9_28
Biswas, P., Sharan, A., Malik, N.: A framework for restricted domain question answering system. In: Proceedings of ICICT 2014, pp. 613–620 (2014)
Bollacker, K.D., Evans, C., Paritosh, P., Sturge, T., Taylor, J.: Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: Proceedings of SIGMOD 2008, pp. 1247–1250 (2008)
Cho, K., et al.: Learning Phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of EMNLP 2014, pp. 1724–1734 (2014)
Christina, U., John, M., Philipp, C.: Ontology-based interpretation of natural language. Comput. Linguist. 41(2), 347–350 (2015)
Cui, W., Xiao, Y., Wang, H., Song, Y., Hwang, S., Wang, W.: KBQA: learning question answering over QA corpora and knowledge bases. PVLDB 10(5), 565–576 (2017)
Diekerma, A., Yilmazel, O., Liddy, E.: Evaluation of restricted domain question-answering systems. In: Proceedings of ACL 2004, pp. 2–7 (2004)
Huang, Z., Xu, W., Yu, K.: Bidirectional LSTM-CRF models for sequence tagging. CoRR, abs/1508.01991 (2015)
Kurata, G., Xiang, B., Zhou, B.: Improved neural network-based multi-label classification with better initialization leveraging label co-occurrence. In: Proceedings of ACL2016, pp. 521–526 (2016)
Lei, T., Liu, D., Shi, Z., Yang, L., Zhu, F.: A novel CNN-based method for question classification in intelligent question answering. In: Proceedings of ACAI 2018, pp. 541–546 (2018)
Molla, A.D., González, J.: Question answering in restricted domains: an overview. Comput. Linguist. 33, 41–61 (2007)
Suchanek, F.M., Kasneci, G., Weikum, G.: Yago: a core of semantic knowledge. In: Proceedings of WWW 2007, pp. 697–706 (2007)
Sutskever, L., Vinyals, O., Le, V.: Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In: Proceedings of NIPS 2014, pp. 3104–3112 (2014)
Van Durme, B., Yao, X.: Information extraction over structured data: question answering with freebase. In: Proceedings of ACL 2014, pp. 956–966 (2014)
Vila, K., Mazón, J., Ferrández, A.: Model-driven adaptation of question answering systems for ambient intelligence by integrating restricted-domain knowledge. In: Proceedings of ICCS 2011, pp. 1650–1659 (2011)
Vrandecic, D., Krötzsch, M.: Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Commun. ACM 57(10), 78–85 (2014)
Yih, W., Chang, M., He, X., Gao, J.: Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: question answering with knowledge base. In: Proceedings of ACL 2015, pp. 1321–1331 (2015)
Yue, W., Richong, Z., Cheng, X., Yongyi, M.: The APVA-TURBO approach to question answering in knowledge base. In: Proceedings of COLING 2018, pp. 1998–2009 (2018)
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0908401) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61972455). Xiaowang Zhang is supported by the Peiyang Young Scholars at Tianjin University (2019XRX-0032).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wu, L., Wu, P., Zhang, X. (2020). A Seq2seq-Based Approach to Question Answering over Knowledge Bases. In: Wang, X., Lisi, F., Xiao, G., Botoeva, E. (eds) Semantic Technology. JIST 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1157. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3412-6_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3412-6_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3411-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3412-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)