Skip to main content

An Assessment of Substitute Words in the Context of Academic Writing Proposed by Pre-trained and Specific Word Embedding Models

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computational Linguistics (PACLING 2019)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 1215))

  • 705 Accesses

Abstract

Researchers who are non-native speakers of English always face some problems when composing scientific articles in this language. Most of the time, it is due to lack of vocabulary or knowledge of alternate ways of expression. In this paper, we suggest to use word embeddings to look for substitute words used for academic writing in a specific domain. Word embeddings may not only contain semantically similar words but also other words with similar word vectors, that could be better expressions. A word embedding model trained on a collection of academic articles in a specific domain might suggest similar expressions that comply to that writing style and are suited to that domain. Our experiment results show that a word embedding model trained on the NLP domain is able to propose possible substitutes that could be used to replace the target words in a certain context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://acl-arc.comp.nus.edu.sg/.

  2. 2.

    https://aclanthology.coli.uni-saarland.de/.

  3. 3.

    https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/.

  4. 4.

    We leave aside the more recent ELMo [14] that is based on deep context, and BERT [4] that uses masked language model.

  5. 5.

    https://code.google.com/archive/p/word2vec/.

  6. 6.

    https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/.

  7. 7.

    https://fasttext.cc/docs/en/english-vectors.html.

  8. 8.

    For simplicity, the four models are referred as ACL-ARC, GoogleNews, GloVe and fastText hereafter.

  9. 9.

    https://www.linguee.com/.

  10. 10.

    https://www.deepl.com/translator.

  11. 11.

    https://translate.google.com/.

  12. 12.

    The line graph is used just to better identify the evaluators.

References

  1. Antoniak, M., Mimno, D.: Evaluating the stability of embedding-based word similarities. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 6, 107–119 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Joulin, A., Mikolov, T.: Enriching word vectors with subword information. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 5(1), 135–146 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Denkowski, M., Lavie, A.: Meteor universal: language specific translation evaluation for any target language. In: Proceedings of the EACL 2014 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pp. 376–380 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pp. 4171–4186 (June 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Fleiss, J.L.: Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol. Bull. 76(5), 378–382 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Leeuwenberg, A., Vela, M., Dehdari, J., Genabith, J.: A minimally supervised approach for synonym extraction with word embeddings. Prague Bull. Math. Linguist. 105, 111–142 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Melamud, O., Dagan, I., Goldberger, J.: Modeling word meaning in context with substitute vectors. In: Proceedings of the NAACL, pp. 472–482 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Melamud, O., McClosky, D., Patwardhan, S., Bansal, M.: The role of context types and dimensionality in learning word embeddings. In: Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT, pp. 1030–1040 (June 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In: Proceedings of Workshop at ICLR (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mikolov, T., Grave, E., Bojanowski, P., Puhrsch, C., Joulin, A.: Advances in pre-training distributed word representations. In: Proceedings of LREC (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Miller, G.A.: WordNet: a lexical database for English. Commun. ACM 38(11), 39–41 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.J.: BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of ACL, pp. 311–318 (July 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: GloVe: global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of EMNLP, pp. 1532–1543 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Peters, M.E., et al.: Deep contextualized word representations. In: Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pp. 2227–2237 (June 2018)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Yatbaz, M.A., Sert, E., Yuret, D.: Learning syntactic categories using paradigmatic representations of word context. In: Proceedings of the EMNLP-CoNLL, pp. 940–951 (July 2012)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18K11446 .

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chooi Ling Goh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Goh, C.L., Lepage, Y. (2020). An Assessment of Substitute Words in the Context of Academic Writing Proposed by Pre-trained and Specific Word Embedding Models. In: Nguyen, LM., Phan, XH., Hasida, K., Tojo, S. (eds) Computational Linguistics. PACLING 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1215. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_34

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-6167-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-6168-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics