A Theory and Calculation of Zero-Point Energy and Pressure, also Resulting in a New Value for the Hubble Constant

Abstract

Within this publication, the Dirac equation is modified to take account of the electromagnetic field of sub-atomic particles, as well as their relativistic spatio-temporal spin states. This procedure therefore results in what turns out to be two asymmetric and different, positive and negative energies, rather than the equally sized identical quantities of opposite signs that Dirac obtained. The difference between each of these slightly different positive and negative energies thus ultimately yields a value that is very similar to that quoted for zero-point energy or dark energy, otherwise equally termed vacuum energy, and a final calculation for a predicted, outward-directed vacuum pressure of approximately $- 0.6 \times 10^{{ - 8}}$ ergs/${\text{cm}}^{2}$—possibly explaining the expansion of the Universe—is also made. Finally, using this paper’s own theoretically calculated magnitude for a vacuum energy density of $0.5963 \times 10^{{ - 8}}$ ergs/${\text{cm}}^{3}$, it is shown that a possible value for the Hubble constant is $71.55587\,{\text{km}}/({\text{s}}\,{\text{Mpc}})$.