Abstract
The difficulty in acquiring a large amount of labelled training data and the demand of complex neural network models in text learning make developing effective regularization techniques an important research topic. In this paper, we present a novel regularization scheme for supervised text learning, Competitive Word Dropout, or CWD. Experiments on three different natural language learning tasks demonstrate that CWD outperforms significantly the standard regularization schemes such as weight decay and dropout. The CWD scheme has another unique advantage, namely that it can be interpreted semantically.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Biggio, B., et al.: Evasion attacks against machine learning at test time. In: Blockeel, H., Kersting, K., Nijssen, S., Železný, F. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8190, pp. 387–402. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40994-3_25
Gal, Y., Ghahramani, Z.: Dropout as a bayesian approximation: representing model uncertainty in deep learning. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1050–1059. PMLR (2016)
Goodfellow, I.J., Shlens, J., Szegedy, C.: Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1412.6572 (2014)
Le, Q., Mikolov, T.: Distributed representations of sentences and documents. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1188–1196. PMLR (2014)
Madry, A., Makelov, A., Schmidt, L., Tsipras, D., Vladu, A.: Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1706.06083 (2017)
Marelli, M., Menini, S., Baroni, M., Bentivogli, L., Bernardi, R., Zamparelli, R.: A sick cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14), pp. 216–223 (2014)
Miyato, T., Dai, A.M., Goodfellow, I.: Adversarial training methods for semi-supervised text classification. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1605.07725 (2016)
Nguyen, A., Yosinski, J., Clune, J.: Deep neural networks are easily fooled: high confidence predictions for unrecognizable images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 427–436 (2015)
Nicosia, M., Moschitti, A.: Semantic linking in convolutional neural networks for answer sentence selection. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1070–1076 (2018)
Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: Glove: global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532–1543 (2014)
Sha, L., Zhang, X., Qian, F., Chang, B., Sui, Z.: A multi-view fusion neural network for answer selection. In: 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2018)
Shen, T., Zhou, T., Long, G., Jiang, J., Pan, S., Zhang, C.: Disan: directional self-attention network for rnn/cnn-free language understanding. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 32 (2018)
Socher, R., et al.: Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1631–1642 (2013)
Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R.: Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 15(1), 1929–1958 (2014)
Tai, K.S., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: Improved semantic representations from tree-structured long short-term memory networks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1503.00075 (2015)
Tang, S., Jin, H., Fang, C., Wang, Z., de Sa, V.R.: Speeding up context-based sentence representation learning with non-autoregressive convolutional decoding. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1710.10380 (2017)
Tang, S., de Sa, V.R.: Multi-view sentence representation learning. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1805.07443 (2018)
Tran, N.K., Niedereée, C.: Multihop attention networks for question answer matching. In: The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 325–334 (2018)
Tsipras, D., Santurkar, S., Engstrom, L., Turner, A., Madry, A.: Robustness may be at odds with accuracy. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1805.12152 (2018)
Yang, Y., Yih, W.t., Meek, C.: Wikiqa: a challenge dataset for open-domain question answering. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 2013–2018 (2015)
Yoon, D., Lee, D., Lee, S.: Dynamic self-attention: computing attention over words dynamically for sentence embedding. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1808.07383 (2018)
Yuan, X., He, P., Zhu, Q., Li, X.: Adversarial examples: attacks and defenses for deep learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 30(9), 2805–2824 (2019)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Key R &D Program of China under Grant 2021ZD0110700, in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, in part by the State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Li, J., Zhang, R., Tian, Y. (2022). Regularizing Deep Text Models by Encouraging Competition. In: Sun, M., et al. Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing: Knowledge Graph Empowers the Digital Economy. CCKS 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1669. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7596-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7596-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7595-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7596-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)