Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental disease that has a severe negative impact on people’s daily lives, which has become a leading global health burden. Previous neuroscience studies have proved that MDD patients have altered structural and functional connectivity between different brain regions compared to normal individuals. Measuring brain activities via electroencephalography (EEG) is a cost-effective and appropriate method for the detection of mental disorders such as depression. In addition, as deep learning (DL) is gaining attention in various research fields, increasing DL methods have been presented to diagnose depression. Inspired by these angles, this paper proposed an end-to-end spatial convolutional neural network (CNN) called DSNet for depression classification based on the resting-state EEG signals. Evaluated on a public dataset, our model obtained better classification performance with the accuracy of 91.69% via the leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation strategy compared to other DL models. The experimental results demonstrate that DSNet can effectively extract information on spatial differences between depressed and normal individuals and could be a potential model for MDD detection.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharya, U.R., Oh, S.L., Hagiwara, Y., Tan, J.H., Adeli, H., Subha, D.P.: Automated EEG-based screening of depression using deep convolutional neural network. Comput. Meth. Program. Biomed. 161, 103–113 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.04.012
Al-Saegh, A., Dawwd, S.A., Abdul-Jabbar, J.M.: Deep learning for motor imagery EEG-based classification: a review. Biomed. Sign. Process. Control 63, 102172 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102172
Bech, P., Bolwig, T., Kramp, P., Rafaelsen, O.: The bech-rafaelsen mania scale and the hamilton depression scale: evaluation of homogeneity and inter-observer reliability. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 59(4), 420–430 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb04484.x
Biasiucci, A., Franceschiello, B., Murray, M.M.: Electroencephalography. Curr. Biol. 29(3), R80–R85 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.052
Buzug, T.M.: Computed tomography. In: Springer Handbook of Medical Technology, pp. 311–342. Springer (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_16
Clark, M., DiBenedetti, D., Perez, V.: Cognitive dysfunction and work productivity in major depressive disorder. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 16(4), 455–463 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2016.1195688
Deng, X., Zhang, B., Yu, N., Liu, K., Sun, K.: Advanced TSGL-EEGNet for motor imagery EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Access 9, 25118–25130 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056088
Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A.: Altered structure of dynamic electroencephalogram oscillatory pattern in major depression. Biolog. Psychiatry 77(12), 1050–1060 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.011
Huang, W., Xue, Y., Hu, L., Liuli, H.: S-EEGNet: electroencephalogram signal classification based on a separable convolution neural network with bilinear interpolation. IEEE Access 8, 131636–131646 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009665
Kennedy, S.H.: Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Dialogues Clinic. Neurosci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/shkennedy
Lawhern, V.J., Solon, A.J., Waytowich, N.R., Gordon, S.M., Hung, C.P., Lance, B.J.: Eegnet: a compact convolutional neural network for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. J. Neural Eng. 15(5), 056013 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aace8c
Lee, T.W., Yu, Y.W.Y., Chen, M.C., Chen, T.J.: Cortical mechanisms of the symptomatology in major depressive disorder: a resting EEG study. J. Affect. Disord. 131(1–3), 243–250 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.12.015
Lin, Y., et al.: Identifying refractory epilepsy without structural abnormalities by fusing the common spatial patterns of functional and effective eeg networks. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 29, 708–717 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2021.3071785
Liu, W., et al.: Functional connectivity of major depression disorder using ongoing EEG during music perception. Clinic. Neurophysiol. 131(10), 2413–2422 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.031
Logothetis, N.K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., Oeltermann, A.: Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the FMRI signal. Nature 412(6843), 150–157 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35084005
Mumtaz, W., Ali, S.S.A., Yasin, M.A.M., Malik, A.S.: A machine learning framework involving EEG-based functional connectivity to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD). Med. Biologic. Eng. Comput. 56(2), 233–246 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-017-1685-z
Mumtaz, W., Xia, L., Mohd Yasin, M.A., Azhar Ali, S.S., Malik, A.S.: A wavelet-based technique to predict treatment outcome for major depressive disorder. PloS one 12(2), e0171409 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171409
Seal, A., Bajpai, R., Agnihotri, J., Yazidi, A., Herrera-Viedma, E., Krejcar, O.: Deprnet: a deep convolution neural network framework for detecting depression using EEG. IEEE Trans. Instrument. Measur. 70, 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3053999
Song, X., Yan, D., Zhao, L., Yang, L.: LSDD-EEGNet: an efficient end-to-end framework for EEG-based depression detection. Biomed. Sign. Process. Control 75, 103612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103612
Teplan, M., et al.: Fundamentals of EEG measurement. Measure. Sci. Rev. 2(2), 1–11 (2002)
Tsukahara, A., Anzai, Y., Tanaka, K., Uchikawa, Y.: A design of EEGNet-based inference processor for pattern recognition of EEG using FPGA. Electron. Commun. Japan 104(1), 53–64 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecj.12280
Wang, D., et al.: Identification of depression with a semi-supervised GCN based on EEG data. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), pp. 2338–2345. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/BIBM52615.2021.9669572
Zhang, B., Yan, G., Yang, Z., Su, Y., Wang, J., Lei, T.: Brain functional networks based on resting-state EEG data for major depressive disorder analysis and classification. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabilit. Eng. 29, 215–229 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2020.3043426
Zhang, J., Yin, Z., Chen, P., Nichele, S.: Emotion recognition using multi-modal data and machine learning techniques: A tutorial and review. Inf. Fusion 59, 103–126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.01.011
Zhang, X., Li, J., Hou, K., Hu, B., Shen, J., Pan, J.: EEG-based depression detection using convolutional neural network with demographic attention mechanism. In: 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 128–133. IEEE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9175956
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Xia, M., Wu, Y., Guo, D., Zhang, Y. (2023). DSNet: EEG-Based Spatial Convolutional Neural Network for Detecting Major Depressive Disorder. In: Ying, X. (eds) Human Brain and Artificial Intelligence. HBAI 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1692. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8222-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8222-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-8221-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-8222-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)