Skip to main content

Hierarchical Scheduling

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Real-Time Computing

Abstract

This chapter presents two hierarchical scheduling analysis paradigms for a uniprocessor hierarchical scheduling system: compositional framework (CF) and real-time calculus (RTC). Each paradigm uses different techniques for resource models and schedulability analysis: CF uses supply-bound functions (sbf) and demand-bound functions (dbf), whereas RTC computes a lower-bound of service curve that satisfies the demand of a given workload. This chapter describes both CF and RTC approaches and various schedulability analysis techniques for hierarchical scheduling systems. These techniques are described based on bounded delay resource model, periodic resource model, explicit deadline periodic model, and arrival and service curves. Finally, this chapter also describes optimality results and compares CF and RTC approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • S.K. Baruah, L.E. Rosier, R.R. Howell, Algorithms and complexity concerning the preemptive scheduling of periodic, real-time tasks on one processor. Real-Time Syst. 2(4), 301–324 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Chadli, J.H. Kim, A. Legay, L.M. Traonouez, S. Naujokat, B. Steffen, K.G. Larsen, A model-based framework for the specification and analysis of hierarchical scheduling systems, in International workshop on formal methods for industrial critical systems (Springer, 2016), Cham, pp. 133–141

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Chakraborty, S. Künzli, L. Thiele, A general framework for analysing system properties in platform-based embedded system designs, in Proceedings of Design Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) (2003) pp. 190–195

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Chakraborty, Y. Liu, N. Stoimenov, L. Thiele, E. Wandeler, Interface-based rate analysis of embedded systems, in Proceedings of 27th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) (2006). pp. 25–34

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Easwaran, M. Anand, I. Lee, Compositional analysis framework using edp resource models, in Real-Time Systems Symposium. RTSS 2007. 28th IEEE International (IEEE, 2007). pp. 129–138

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Feng, A.K. Mok, A model of hierarchical real-time virtual resources, in Proceedings of 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) (2002). pp. 26–35

    Google Scholar 

  • J.Y. Le Boudec, P. Thiran, Network Calculus: A Theory of Deterministic Queuing Systems for the Internet, vol 2050 (Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Lehoczky, L. Sha, Y. Ding, The rate monotonic scheduling algorithm: exact characterization and average case behavior, in Real Time Systems Symposium, 1989, Proceedings (IEEE, 1989). pp. 166–171

    Google Scholar 

  • C.L. Liu, J.W. Layland, Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time environment. J. ACM 20(1), 46–61 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1145/321738.321743

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Mok, X. Feng, D. Chen, Resource partition for real-time systems, in Proceeding of 7th IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS) (2001). pp. 75–84

    Google Scholar 

  • L.T. Phan, J. Lee, A. Easwaran, V. Ramaswamy, S. Chen, I. Lee, O. Sokolsky, CARTS: a tool for compositional analysis of real-time systems. ACM SIGBED Rev. 8(1), 62–63 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I. Shin, I. Lee, Periodic resource model for compositional real-time guarantees, in RTSS (2003). pp. 2–13

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Shin, I. Lee, Compositional real-time scheduling framework with periodic model. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 7(3), 30 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Stoimenov, S. Perathoner, L. Thiele, Reliable mode changes in real-time systems with fixed priority or edf scheduling, in Proceedings of Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) (2009). pp. 99–104

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Thiele, S. Chakraborty, M. Naedele, Real-time calculus for scheduling hard real-time systems, in Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2000). pp. 101–104

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Insup Lee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Kim, J.H., Gangadharan, D., Kim, K.H., Shin, I., Lee, I. (2022). Hierarchical Scheduling. In: Tian, YC., Levy, D.C. (eds) Handbook of Real-Time Computing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-251-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics