Abstract
Virtualization techniques are becoming increasingly prevalent and are driving trends in hardware development to offer parallelization support for multi-tasking. Existing works on hardware designs of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and SM4 encryption algorithms have primarily focused on optimizing metrics such as throughput and area, but have not fully addressed the demands in virtualized environments. In this article, we propose innovative optimization schemes that partition the resources in AES and SM4 cipher modules into smaller, independent units that can execute tasks from different guests in parallel. Such designs can improve hardware utilization efficiency and enhance the user experience in virtualized environments. Our FPGA-validated designs achieve comparable circuit performance in terms of throughput/area efficiency to existing work. Experiments show that in virtualized environments lacking block-wise parallelism (e.g., cipher block chaining (CBC) mode), our approach reduces context switches over 50% and decreases average task pending time around 75% with similar hardware needs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alam, I., et al.: A survey of network virtualization techniques for internet of things using SDN and NFV. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 53(2), 1–40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3379444
Bachrach, J., et al.: Chisel: constructing hardware in a Scala embedded language. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference, DAC 2012, pp. 1216–1225. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2228360.2228584
Chen, Y., et al.: Exploring the high-throughput and low-delay hardware design of SM4 on FPGA. In: 2022 19th International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), pp. 211–212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISOCC56007.2022.10031393
Chu, J., Benaissa, M.: Low area memory-free FPGA implementation of the AES algorithm. In: 22nd International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), pp. 623–626 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2012.6339250
Dobraunig, C., Eichlseder, M., Mendel, F., Schläffer, M.: Ascon v1.2: lightweight authenticated encryption and hashing. J. Cryptol. 34(3), 1–42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00145-021-09398-9
Dworkin, M.J., et al.: Advanced encryption standard (AES) (2001). https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.197
Guan, Z., Li, Y., Shang, T., Liu, J., Sun, M., Li, Y.: Implementation of SM4 on FPGA: trade-off analysis between area and speed. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics (ISR), pp. 192–197 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/IISR.2018.8535613
Gui, C.Y., et al.: A survey on graph processing accelerators: challenges and opportunities. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 34, 339–371 (2019)
Guo, X., El-Hadedy, M., Mosanu, S., Wei, X., Skadron, K., Stan, M.R.: Agile-AES: Implementation of configurable AES primitive with agile design approach. Integration 85, 87–96 (2022)
Harb, S., Ahmad, M.O., Swamy, M.N.S.: A high-speed FPGA implementation of AES for large scale embedded systems and its applications. In: 2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS), pp. 59–64 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICS55353.2022.9811140
Information technology - Security techniques - Encryption algorithms - Part 3: Block ciphers - Amendment 1: SM4. Standard, ISO/IEC 18033–3:2010/Amd 1:2021 (2021)
Kumar, T.M., Reddy, K.S., Rinaldi, S., Parameshachari, B.D., Arunachalam, K.: A low area high speed FPGA implementation of AES architecture for cryptography application. Electronics 10(16) (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10162023. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/16/2023
Liu, Q., Xu, Z., Yuan, Y.: A 66.1 GBPS single-pipeline AES on FPGA. In: 2013 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT), pp. 378–381 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/FPT.2013.6718392
Mansouri, Y., Babar, M.A.: A review of edge computing: features and resource virtualization. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 150, 155–183 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.12.015. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743731520304317
Maximov, A., Ekdahl, P.: New circuit minimization techniques for smaller and faster AES SBoxes. IACR Trans. Crypt. Hardw. Embed. Syst. 2019(4), 91–125 (2019). https://doi.org/10.13154/tches.v2019.i4.91-125. https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/8346
Oukili, S., Bri, S.: High speed efficient advanced encryption standard implementation. In: 2017 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), pp. 1–4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNCC.2017.8071975
Peccerillo, B., Mannino, M., Mondelli, A., Bartolini, S.: A survey on hardware accelerators: taxonomy, trends, challenges, and perspectives. J. Syst. Architect. 129, 102561 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102561
Rautakoura, A., Hämäläinen, T.: Does SOC hardware development become agile by saying so: a literature review and mapping study. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 22(3) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3578554
Shahbazi, K., Ko, S.B.: High throughput and area-efficient FPGA implementation of AES for high-traffic applications. IET Comput. Digit. Tech. 14(6), 344–352 (2020)
Shang, M., Zhang, Q., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Jing, J.: An ultra-compact hardware implementation of SMS4. In: 2014 IIAI 3rd International Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics, pp. 86–90 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/IIAI-AAI.2014.28
Ueno, R., et al.: High throughput/gate AES hardware architectures based on datapath compression. IEEE Trans. Comput. 69(4), 534–548 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2019.2957355
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62272348).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Xie, Y., Tu, H., Liu, Q., Chen, C. (2024). A Pipelined AES and SM4 Hardware Implementation for Multi-tasking Virtualized Environments. In: Tari, Z., Li, K., Wu, H. (eds) Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing. ICA3PP 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14488. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0801-7_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0801-7_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-97-0800-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-97-0801-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)