Abstract
Critical infrastructures in areas like road traffic management naturally rely on the broad use of “Operational Technology (OT)” to ensure efficient and safe road traffic monitoring (RTM) through “OT objects” like sensors and actuators whereby monitoring OT itself (“OTM”) is evenly crucial. OTM is highly challenging, not least due to massive heterogeneity of OT, immense complexity and size and omnipresence of evolution. As a consequence, knowledge about interdependencies between OT objects in form of semantic relationships is often outdated or simply not available. Thus, in case of incidents, detection of cause and effect in the sense of a situational picture is missing.
In order to counteract this fundamental deficiency, we aim to automatically recognize semantic relationships between OT objects to build up an ontological knowledge base as prerequisite for achieving OT situation awareness. The contribution of this paper is to sketch out state-of-research w.r.t. real-world challenges we are facing and based on that to put forward appropriate research questions, leading to the identification and in-depth discussion of potential concepts and technologies appearing to be useful for our work. Overall, this contribution forms the conceptual framework for a proof-of-concept prototype already realized on basis of real-world OT in the area of road traffic management.
This work is supported by Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) under grant Forschungspartnerschaften 874490.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alam, I.E., et al.: A survey of network virtualization techniques for Internet of Things using SDN and NFV. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 53(2), 1–40 (2020)
Alevizos, E., et al.: Probabilistic CE recognition: a survey. ACM CSUR 50, 1–31 (2017)
Ali, N., Hong, J.-E.: Failure detection and prevention for CPS using ontology-based knowledge base. Computers 7, 68 (2018)
Bajaj, G., et al.: 4w1h in IoT semantics. IEEE Access 6, 65488–65506 (2018)
Becker, F., et al.: A conceptual model for digital shadows in industry and its application. In: Ghose, A., Horkoff, J., Silva Souza, V.E., Parsons, J., Evermann, J. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling. ER 2021. LNCS, vol. 13011, pp. 271–281. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89022-3_22
Belkaroui, R., et al.: Towards events ontology based on data sensors network for viticulture domain. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Internet of Things. ACM (2018)
Bermudez-Edo, M., et al.: IoT-Lite: a lightweight semantic model for the IoT and its use with dynamic semantics. Pers. Ubiquit. Comput. 21, 475–487 (2017)
Brauner, P., et al.: A computer science perspective on digital transformation in production. ACM Trans. Internet Things 3, 1–32 (2022)
Carata, L., et al.: A primer on provenance. Commun. ACM 57(5), 52–60 (2014)
Chen, T., Bahsoon, R., Yao, X.: A survey and taxonomy of self-aware and self-adaptive cloud autoscaling systems. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 51, 1–40 (2018)
De, S., et al.: Ontologies and Context Modeling for the WoT. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2017)
Finogeev, A., et al.: Intelligent monitoring system for smart road environment. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 15, 15–20 (2019)
Flentge, F., Beyer, U.: The ISE meta model for critical infrastructures. In: Goetz, E., Shenoi, S. (eds.) Critical Infrastructure Protection. ICCIP 2007. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, vol. 253, pp. 323–336. Springer, Boston, MA (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75462-8_23
Genova, G., Llorens, J., Fuentes, J.M.: UML associations: a structural and contextual view. J. Object Technol. 3, 83–100 (2004)
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Towards OTM in ITS. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems (MEDES), pp. 237–241, ACM, Limassol (2019)
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Cutting a path through the IoT ontology jungle – a meta survey. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on IoT & Intelligence Systems. IEEE, Bali (2019)
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Event-driven ontology population. In: Rocha, Á., Adeli, H., Dzemyda, G., Moreira, F., Ramalho Correia, A.M. (eds.) Trends and Applications in Information Systems and Technologies . WorldCIST 2021. AISC, vol. 1366, pp. 405–415. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72651-5_39
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Bridging Signals and Human Intelligence. In: Memmi, G., Yang, B., Kong, L., Zhang, T., Qiu, M. (eds.) Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management. KSEM 2022. LNCS, vol. 13369. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_46
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Semantic-driven mining of functional dependencies in large-scale SoS. In: Rocha, Á., Ferrás, C., Méndez Porras, A., Jimenez Delgado, E. (eds.) Information Technology and Systems. ICITS 2022. LNNS, vol. 414, pp. 344–355. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96293-7_31
Graf, D., Retschitzegger, W., et al.: Towards message-driven ontology population. In: Rocha, Á., Adeli, H., Reis, L., Costanzo, S., Orovic, I., Moreira, F. (eds.) Trends and Innovations in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2020. AISC, vol. 1159, pp. 361–368. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45688-7_37
Haller, A., et al.: The SOSA/SSN ontology: a joint WEC and OGC standard specifying the semantics of sensors observations actuation and sampling. Semantic Web 1, 1–19 (2018)
Harper, R., Tee, P.: A method for temporal event correlation. In: IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM), pp. 13–18. IEEE (2019)
Hazra, A., et al.: A comprehensive survey on interoperability for IIoT: taxonomy, standards, & future directions. ACM Comput. Surv. 55(1), 1–35 (2023)
Jayawardana, V., et al.: Semi-supervised instance population of an ontology using word vector embedding. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in ICT, pp. 1–7. IEEE (2017)
Kacmajor, M., Kelleher, J.D.: Capturing and measuring thematic relatedness. Lang. Resour. Eval. 54(3), 645–682 (2020)
Kobayashi, S., Otomo, K., Fukuda, K., Esaki, H.: Mining causality of network events in log data. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 15, 53–67 (2017)
Matzner, M., Scholta, H.: Process mining approaches to detect organizational properties in CPS. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Tel Aviv (2014)
Mehdiyev, N., et al.: Determination of rule patterns in complex event processing using machine learning techniques. Procedia Comput. Sci. 61, 395–401 (2015)
Messager, A., et al.: Inferring FCT. Connectivity from time-series of events in large scale network deployments. Trans. Netw. Serv. Mang. 16(3), 857–870 (2019)
Murray, G., et al.: The convergence of IT and OT in critical infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference, pp. 149–155 (2017)
Peng, H., et al.: Streaming social event detection and evolution discovery in heterogeneous information networks. ACM Trans. KDD 15(5), 1–33 (2021)
Pliatsios, D., et al.: A survey on SCADA systems: secure protocols, incidents, threats and tactics. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 22(3), 1942–1976 (2020)
Profanter, S., et al.: OPC UA versus ROS, DDS & MQTT: performance evaluation of industry 4.0 protocols. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Technology, Melbourne (2019)
Psorakis, I., et al.: Inferring social network structure in ecological systems from spatio-temporal data streams. J. R. Soc. Interface. 9, 3055–3066 (2012)
Puuska, S., et al.: Nationwide critical infrastructure monitoring using a common operating picture framework. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot. 20, 28–47 (2018)
Rinaldi, S., et al.: Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control. Syst. Mag. 21, 11–25 (2001)
Rivera, L.F., Jimenez, M., Villegas, N.M., Tamura, G., Muller, H.A.: Toward autonomic, software-intensive digital twin systems. IEEE Softw. 39, 20–26 (2022)
Russell, L., et al.: Agile IoT for critical infrastructure resilience: cross-modal sensing as part of a situational awareness. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(6), 4454–4465 (2018)
Sato, D., et al.: A survey on concept drift in process mining. ACM CSUR 54(9), 1–38 (2021)
Scherp, A., et al.: A core ontology on events for representing occurrences in the real world. Multimed. Tools Appl. 58(2), 293–331 (2012)
Schiekofer, R., et al.: A formal mapping between OPC UA and the semantic web. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), pp. 33–40. IEEE (2019)
Schuster, D., van Zelst, S.J., van der Aalst, W.M.: Utilizing domain knowledge in data-driven process discovery: a literature review. Comput. Ind. 137, 103612 (2022)
Sethi, P., et al.: IoT: architectures, protocols, & applications. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2017, 1–25 (2017)
Song, Y., et al.: Topology tracking of dynamic UAV WLANs. J. Aeronaut. 35(11), 322–335 (2021)
Szilagyi, I., Wira, P.: Ontologies and semantic web for the IoT – a survey. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp. 6949–6954 (2016)
Wen, J., et al.: Toward digital twin-oriented modeling of complex networked systems and their dynamics: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Access 10, 66886–66923 (2022)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schwinger, W. et al. (2023). Towards Automating Semantic Relationship Awareness in Operational Technology Monitoring. In: Dang, T.K., Küng, J., Chung, T.M. (eds) Future Data and Security Engineering. Big Data, Security and Privacy, Smart City and Industry 4.0 Applications. FDSE 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1925. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8296-7_39
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8296-7_39
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-8295-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-8296-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)