Abstract
To acquire a more discriminative feature of facial expression, we propose a multi-scale principal component analysis network based on full quaternion matrix representation. Firstly, the structure feature and color components of facial image constitute a full quaternion matrix. Subsequently, two-staged quaternion principal component analysis is employed to learn convolutional filters. Among them, the feature maps of both stages are activated via nonlinear function. With binarization and coding, the local histograms are stacked together and fed to the classifier for expression matching. Experiments conducted on the RafD, MMI, NVIE, and KDEF datasets have demonstrated that the proposed method achieves higher recognition accuracy than several existing algorithms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sun, Z., Chiong, R., Hu, Z.: An extended dictionary representation approach with deep subspace learning for facial expression recognition. Neurocomputing 316, 1–9 (2018)
Guo, Y., et al.: Facial expressions recognition with multi-region divided attention networks for smart education cloud applications. Neurocomputing 493, 119–128 (2022)
Qian, Z., Mu, J., Tian, F.: Ventral-Dorsal Attention Capsule Network for facial expression recognition. Digit. Signal Process. 136, 103978 (2023)
Yun, S.-S., Choi, J., Park, S.-K., Bong, G.-Y., Yoo, H.: Social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder using a robotic behavioral intervention system. Autism Res. 10, 1306–1323 (2017)
Li, Z., Liu, F., Yang, W., Peng, S., Zhou, J.: A survey of convolutional neural networks: analysis, applications, and prospects. IEEE Transact. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 33(12), 6999–7019 (2022)
He, X., Zhang, W.: Emotion recognition by assisted learning with convolutional neural networks. Neurocomputing 291, 187–194 (2018)
Sun, J., et al.: Cascade wavelet transform based convolutional neural networks with application to image classification. Neurocomputing 514, 285–295 (2022)
Fan, T., et al.: A new deep convolutional neural network incorporating attentional mechanisms for ECG emotion recognition. Comput. Biol. Med. 159, 106938 (2023)
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Commun. ACM 60(6), 84–90 (2017)
Yu, J., et al.: Exploring large-scale unlabeled faces to enhance facial expression recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 5802–5809. IEEE, Vancouver (2023)
Wang, L., Jia, G., Jiang, N., Wu, H., Yang, J.: Ease: robust facial expression recognition via emotion ambiguity-sensitive cooperative networks. In: Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 218–227. ACM, Lisboa (2022)
Chan, T., Jia, K., Gao, S., Lu, J., Zeng, Z., Ma, Y.: PCANet: a simple deep learning baseline for image classification? IEEE Trans. Image Process. 24(12), 5017–5032 (2015)
Qaraei, M., Abbaasi, S., Ghiasi-Shirazi, K.: Randomized non-linear PCA networks. Inf. Sci. 545, 241–253 (2021)
Zhou, D., Feng, S.: M3SPCANet: a simple and effective ConvNets with unsupervised predefined filters for face recognition. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 113, 104936 (2022)
Shao, Z., Liu, X., Yao, Q., Qi, N., Shang, Y., Zhang, J.: Multiple-image encryption based on chaotic phase mask and equal modulus decomposition in quaternion gyrator domain. Signal Process-Image Commun. 80, 115662 (2020)
Zeng, R., et al.: Color image classification via quaternion principal component analysis network. Neurocomputing 216, 416–428 (2016)
Zou, C., Kou, K.I., Wang, Y., Tang, Y.Y.: Quaternion block sparse representation for signal recovery and classification. Signal Process. 179, 107849 (2021)
Shi, J., Zheng, X., Wu, J., Gong, B., Zhang, Q., Ying, S.: Quaternion Grassmann average network for learning representation of histopathological image. Pattern Recogn. 89, 67–76 (2019)
Liu, W., Kou, K.I., Miao, J., Cai, Z.: Quaternion scalar and vector norm decomposition: quaternion PCA for color face recognition. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 32, 446–457 (2022)
Xu, Z., Shao, Z., Shang, Y., Li, B., Ding, H., Liu, T.: Fusing structure and color features for cancelable face recognition. Multimed. Tools Appl. 80, 14477–14494 (2021)
Dubey, S.R., Singh, S.K., Chaudhuri, B.B.: Activation functions in deep learning: a comprehensive survey and benchmark. Neurocomputing 503, 92–108 (2022)
Fan, R.E., Chang, K.W., Hsieh, C.J., Wang, X.R., Lin, C.J.: LIBLINEAR: a library for large linear classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 1871–1874 (2008)
Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D.H.J., Hawk, S.T., van Knippenberg, A.: Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognit. Emot. 24(8), 1377–1388 (2010)
Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., Verschuere, B.: The Karolinska directed emotional faces: a validation study. Cognit. Emot. 22(6), 1094–1118 (2008)
Pantic, M., Valstar, M., Rademaker, R., Maat, L.: Web-based database for facial expression analysis. In: IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pp. 317–321. IEEE, Amsterdam (2005)
Wang, S., et al.: A natural visible and infrared facial expression database for expression recognition and emotion inference. IEEE Trans. Multim. 12(7), 682–691 (2010)
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61876112, 61601311) and Science and Technology Planning Project of Jiaxing (2022AY10021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Li, H., Zhang, Z., Shao, Z., Chen, B., Shang, Y. (2024). Full Quaternion Matrix-Based Multiscale Principal Component Analysis Network for Facial Expression Recognition. In: Liu, Q., et al. Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision. PRCV 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14429. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8469-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8469-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-8468-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-8469-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)