Skip to main content
Log in

Rod outer segments are designed for optimum photon detection

  • Published:
Biological Cybernetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The proposal that rod outer segment length is optimal with respect to photon absorption and noise control is extended and tested in a number of species. We find good agreement with our optimality criterion in duplex retinae where rods act as detectors of one or a few photons, but not in all rod retinae nor in those which are exposed to significant photic environmental noise.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alpern M, Pugh EN (1974) The density of photosensitivity of human rhodopsin in the living retina. J Physiol 237:341–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell D, Wilson M (1980) Behaviour of the rod network in the tiger salamander retina mediated by membrane properties of individual rods. J Physiol 309:287–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell D, Borges S, Wu SM, Wilson M (1987) Signal clipping by the rod output synapse. Nature 328:522–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Bader CR, MacLeish PR, Schwartz EA (1979) A voltage clamp study of the light response in solitary rods of the tiger salamander. J Physiol 296:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylor DA, Lamb TD, Yau K-W (1979a) The membrane current of single rod outer segments. J Physiol 288:569–611

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylor DA, Lamb TD, Yau K-W (1979b) Responses of retinal rods to single photons. J Physiol 288:613–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylor DA, Matthews G, Yau K-W (1980) Two components of electrical dark noise in toad retinal rod outer segments. J Physiol 309:591–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylor DA, Nunn BJ (1986) Electrical properties of the light sensitive conductance of rods of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. J Physiol 371:115–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylor DA, Nunn BJ, Schnapf JR (1984) The photocurrent, noise and spectral sensitivity of rods of the monkey Macaco fascicularis. J Physiol 357:575–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodoia RD, Detwiler PB (1984) Patch clamp recordings of the light sensitive dark noise in retinal rods from the lizard and frog. J Physiol 367:183–216 (Fig. 7)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwall MC, Fein A, MacNichol EF Jr (1983) Spatial localization of bleaching adaptation in isolated rod photoreceptors. PNAS USA 80:2785–2788

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwall MC, Ripps H, Chappell RL, Jones GJ (1989) Membrane current responses of skate photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol 94:633–647

    Google Scholar 

  • Dartnall HJA (1972) Photosensitivity. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, VII/1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk G (1985) The transmission of rod signals to horizontal and bipolar cells. In: Gallego A, Gouras P (eds) Neurocircuitry of the retina. A Cajal Memorial. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagins WA, Penn RD, Yoshikami S (1970) Dark current and photocurrent in retinal rods. Biophys J 10:380–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Harosi FI (1975) Absorption spectra and linear dichroism of some amphibian photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol 66:357–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes A (1987) The schematic eye comes of age. In: Pettigrew JD, Sanderson K, Levick WR (eds) Visual neuroscience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb TD, McNaughton PA, Yau KW (1981) Spatial spread of activation and background desensitization in toad rod outer segments. J Physiol 319:463–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebman PA (1972) Microspectrophotometry of photoreceptors. In: Handbook of sensory physiology VII/1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibovic KN (1990a) Some conjectures on the design of a rod outer segment. Biol Cybern 63:359–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibovic KN (1990b) Vertebrate photoreceptors. In: Leibovic KN (eds) Science of vision. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews G (1986) Spread of the light response along the rod outer segment. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci [Suppl] 27:300

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakatani K, Tamura N, Yau K-W (1991) Light adaptation in retinal rods of the rabbit and two other nonprimate mammals. J Gen Physiol 97:413–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugh EN (1988) Vision: physics and retinal physiology. In: Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology, vol 1, 2nd edn Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz J (1977) New aspects of the ultrastructure of frog rod outer segments. Int Rev Cytol 50:26–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe LT (1990) The light adaptation of the human rod visual system Fig. 2. 8. In: Hess RF, Sharpe LT, Nordby K (eds) Night vision. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder AW (1979) Physics of vision in compound eyes. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, II/6A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Leibovic, K.N., Moreno-Diaz, R. Rod outer segments are designed for optimum photon detection. Biol. Cybern. 66, 301–306 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203666

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203666

Keywords

Navigation