Abstract
In a number of systems including wind detection in the cricket, visual motion perception and coding of arm movement direction in the monkey and place cell response to position in the rat hippocampus, firing rates in a population of tuned neurons are correlated with a vector quantity. We examine and compare several methods that allow the coded vector to be reconstructed from measured firing rates. In cases where the neuronal tuning curves resemble cosines, linear reconstruction methods work as well as more complex statistical methods requiring more detailed information about the responses of the coding neurons. We present a new linear method, the optimal linear estimator (OLE), that on average provides the best possible linear reconstruction. This method is compared with the more familiar vector method and shown to produce more accurate reconstructions using far fewer recorded neurons.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altes R.A. (1989) Ubiquity of hyperacuity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85:943–952.
Bacon J.P. and Murphey R.K. (1984) Receptive fields of cricket (Acheta domesticus) interneurons are related to their dendritic structure. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 272:779–797.
Baldi P., Heiligenberg W. (1988) How sensory maps could enhance resolution through ordered arrangements of broadly tuned receivers. Biol. Cybern. 59:313–318.
Bialek W. (1989) Theoretical physics meets experimental neurobiology. In: Jen E, ed. Lectures in Complex Systems, SFI Studies in the Science of Complexity, Vol. 2. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City CA. pp. 413–595.
Bialek W., Rieke F., de Ruyter van Steveninck R.R., Warland, D. (1991) Reading a neural code. Science 252:1854–1857.
Burnod Y., Grandguillaume P., Otto, I., Ferraina S., Johnson P.B., Caminiti R. (1992) Visuomotor transformation underlying arm movements toward visual targets: A neural network model of cerebral cortical operations. J. Neurosci. 12:1435–1452.
Camhi J.M., Levy A. (1989) The code for stimulus direction in a cell assembly in the cockroach. J. Comp. Physiol. A165:83–97.
Camhi, J.M. and Tom, W. (1978) The escape behavior of the cockroach Periplaneta americana I. Tuning response to wind puffs. J. Comp. Physiol. A128:193–201.
Caminiti R., Johnson P.B., Galli C., Ferraina S., Burnod Y. (1991) Making arm movements within different parts of space: The premotor and motor cortical representations of a coordinate system for reaching to visual targets. J. Neurosci. 11:1182–1197.
Chen L.L., McNaughton B.L., Barnes C.A., Ortiz E.R. (1990) Head-directional and behavioral correlates of posterior cingulate and medial prestriate cortex neurons in freely-moving rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 16:441.
Churchland P.S., Sejnowski T.J. (1992) The Computational Brain. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
Eichenbaum H. (1993) Thinking about brain cell assemblies. Science 261:993–994.
Foldiak P. (1993) The ideal homunculus: statistical inference from neural population responses. In: Eeckman F.H. and Bower J., eds. Computation and Neural Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell MA. pp. 55–60.
Foldiak P. (1991) Models of Sensory Coding. Cambridge Univ. Ph.D. Thesis.
Portier P.A., Kalaska J.F., Smith A.M. (1989) Cerebellar neuronal activity related to whole-arm reaching movements in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 62:198–211.
Georgopoulos A.P., Kettner R.E., Schwartz A. (1988) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population. Neurosci. 8:2928–2937.
Georgopoulos A.P., Lurito J.T., Petrides M., Schwartz A., Massey J.T. (1989) Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 243:234–236.
Georgopoulos A.P., Schwartz A. and Kettner R.E. (1986) Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science 233:1416–1419.
Georgopoulos A.P., Taira M, Lukashin A. (1993) Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex. Science 260:47–52.
Gilbert C.D., Wiesel T.N. (1990) The influence of contextual stimuli on the orientation selectivity of cells in primary visual cortex of the cat. Vision Res. 30:1689–1701.
Gozani S.N., Miller J.P. (1993) Ensemble coding of information by eight primary sensory interneurons in the cricket cercal system (in preparation).
Kalaska J.F., Caminiti R., Georgopoulos A.P. (1983) Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: relations in parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex. Exp. Brain. Res. 51:247–260.
Kiefer J.C. (1987) Introduction to Statistical Inference. Springer-Verlag, NY.
Knudsen E.I., DuLac S., Esterly S.D. (1987) Computational maps in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 10:41–65.
Konishi M. (1987) Centrally synthesized maps of sensory space. Trends Neurosci. 9:163–168.
Lee C, Rohrer W.H., Sparks D.L. (1988) Population coding of saccadic eye movements by neurons in the superior colliculus. Nature 332:357–360.
Lehky S.R., Sejnowski T.J. (1990) Neural model of stereoacuity and depth interpolation based on a distributed representation of stereo disparity. J. Neurosci. 10:2281–2299.
Linsker R. (1993) Local synaptic learning rules suffice to maximize mutual information in a linear network. Neural Comp. 4:691–702.
Lukashin, A.V. (1990) A learned neural network that simulates properties of the neural population vector. Biol. Cybern. 63:377–382.
Miller J.P., Jacobs G.A., Theunissen F. (1991) Representation of sensory information in the cricket cercal sensory system. I. Response properties of the primary interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 66:1680–1689.
O'Keefe J., Nadel L. (1978) The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Clarendon, Oxford.
Oneill W.E., Suga N. (1982) Encoding of target range information and its representation in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. J. Neurosci. 2:17–31.
Optican L.M., Richmond B.J. (1987) Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex III. Information theoretic analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 57:163–178.
Paradiso M.A. (1988) A theory for the use of visual orientation information which exploits the columnar structure of striate cortex. Biol. Cybern. 58:35–49.
Rieke F.M. (1991) Physical Principles Underlying Sensory Processing and Computation. Univ. of California Berkeley PhD Thesis.
Schwartz A., Kettner R.E., Georgopoulos A.P. (1988) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. J. Neurosci. 8:2913–2927.
Sejnowski T.J. (1988) Neural populations revealed. Nature 332:308.
Seung H.S., Sompolinsky H. (1993) Simple neural network models of psychophysical tasks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) (in press).
Shor R.H., Miller A.D., Tomko D.L. (1984) Responses to head tilt in cat central vestibular neurons. I. Direction of maximum sensitivity. J. Neurophysiol. 51:136–146.
Snippe H.P., Koenderink J.J. (1992) Discrimination thresholds for channel-coded systems. Biol. Cybern. 66:543–551.
Steinmetz M.A., Motter B.C., Duffy C.J., Mountcastle V.B. (1987) Functional properties of parietal visual neurons: Radial organization of directionalities with the visual field. J. Neurosci. 7:177–191.
Suga N., Horikawa J. (1986) Multiple time axes for representation of echo delays in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 55:776–805.
Suzuki I., Timerick J.B., Wilson V.J. (1985) Body position with respect to the head or body position in space is coded in lumbar interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 54:123–133.
Taube J.S., Muller R.I., Ranck J.B.J. (1990) Head direction cells recorded from the postsubicullum in freely moving rats. I. Description and quantitative analysis. J. Neurosci. 10:420–435.
Theunissen F. (1993) An Investigation of Sensory Coding Principles Using Advanced Statistical Techniques. Univ. of California Berkeley PhD Thesis.
Theunissen F., Miller J.P. (1991) Representation of sensory information in the cricket cercal sensory system. II. Information theoretic calculation of system accuracy and optimal tuning-curve widths of four primary interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 66:1690–1703.
Touretzky D.S., Redish A.D., Wan H.S. (1993) Neural representation of space using sinusoidal arrays. Neural Comp. 5:869–884.
Van Gisbergen J.A.M., Van Opstal A.J., Tax A.M.M. (1987) Collicular ensemble coding of saccades based on vector summation. Neuroscience 21:541–555.
Van Opstal A.J., Kappen H. (1993) A two-dimensional ensemble coding model for spatial-temporal transformation of saccades in monkey superior colliculus. Network 4:19–38.
Vogels R. (1990) Population coding of stimulus orientation by cortical cells. J. Neurosci 10:3543–3558.
Warland D., Landolfa M.A., Miller J.P., Bialek W. (1991) Reading between the spikes in the cercal filiform hair receptors of the cricket. In: Eeckman F. and Bower J., eds. Analysis and Modeling of Neural Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
Wilson M.A., McNaughton B. (1993) Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space. Science 261:1055–1058.
Young M.P., Yamane S. (1992) Sparse population coding of faces in the inferotemporal cortex. Science 256:1327–1331.
Zhang J., Miller J.P. (1991) A mathematical model for resolution enhancement in layered sensory systems. Biol. Cybern. 64:357–364.
Zohary E. (1992) Population coding of visual stimuli by cortical neurons tuned to more than one dimension. Biol. Cybern. 66:265–272.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salinas, E., Abbott, L.F. Vector reconstruction from firing rates. J Comput Neurosci 1, 89–107 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00962720
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00962720