Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

Recently there has been increased interest in the development of high-level architectural synthesis tools targeting power optimization. In this paper, we first present an overview of the various architecture synthesis tasks and analyze their influence on power consumption. A survey of previously proposed techniques is given, and areas of opportunity are identified. We next propose a new architecture synthesis technique for low-power implementation of real-time applications. The technique uses algorithm partitioning to preserve locality in the assignment of operations to hardware units. Preserving locality results in more compact layouts, reduced usage of long high-capacitance buses, and reduced power consumption in multiplexors and buffers. Experimental results show reductions in bus and multiplexor power of up to 80% and 60%, respectively, resulting in 10–25% reduction in total power.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Chandrakasan, M. Potkonjak, R. Mehra, J. Rabaey, and R.W. Brodersen, “Optimizing power using transformations,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, pp. 12–31, Jan. 1995.

  2. R. Mehra and J.M. Rabaey, “Behavioral level power estimation and exploration,”Proceedings of the International Workshop on Low-Power Design, pp. 197–202, April 1994.

  3. K. Keutzer and P. Vanbekbergen, “Impact of CAD on the design of low power digital circuits,”Symposium on Low Power Electronics, pp. 42–45, Oct. 1994.

  4. A. Raghunathan and N.K. Jha, “Behavioral synthesis for low-power,”,Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design, pp. 318–322, Oct. 1994.

  5. E. Musoll and J. Cortadella, “High-level synthesis techniques for reducing the activity of functional units,”Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low-Power Design, pp. 99–104, April 1995.

  6. A. Chatterjee and R. Roy, “Synthesis of low power linear DSP circuits using activity metrics,”Proceedings of the International Conference of VLSI Design, pp. 265–270, Jan. 1994.

  7. J.M. Chang and M. Pedram, “Register allocation and binding for low power,”Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 29–35, June 1995.

  8. D.D. Gajski,High-Level Synthesis: Introduction to Chip and System Design. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1992.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. R.A. Walker and R. Camposano,A Survey of High Level Synthesis Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1991.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. H.J.M. Veendrick, “Short-circuit dissipation of static CMOS circuitry and its impact on the design of buffer circuits,”IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, pp. 468–473, Aug. 1984.

  11. A. Raghunathan and N.K. Jha, “An iterative improvement algorithm for low power data path synthesis,”Proceedings of the International Conference on CAD, pp. 597–602, Nov. 1995.

  12. L. Goodby, A. Orailoglu, and P.M. Chau, “Microarchitectural synthesis of performance constrained, low-power VLSI designs,”Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design, pp. 323–326, Oct. 1994.

  13. F. Catthoor, F. Franssen, S. Wuytack, L. Nachtergaele, and H. De Man, “Global communication and memory optimizing transformations for low-power signal processing systems,”VLSI Signal Processing Workshop, pp. 178–187, Oct. 1994.

  14. A.H. Farrahi, G.E. Tellez, and M. Sarrafzadeh, “Memory segmentation to exploit sleep mode operation,”Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 36–41, June 1995.

  15. S. Wu, “A hardware library representation for the hyper synthesis system,” Masters' Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M94/47, June 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.M. Rabaey, C. Chu, P. Hoang, and M. Potkonjak, “Fast prototyping of datapath-intensive architectures,”IEEE Design & Test of Computers, pp. 40–51, June 1991.

  17. M.C. McFarland and T.J. Kowalski, “Incorporating bottom-up design into hardware synthesis,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 938–949, Sept. 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. E.D. Lagnese and D.E. Thomas, “Architectural partitioning for system level synthesis of integrated circuits,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 847–860, July 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. B.W. Kernighan and S. Lin, “An efficient heuristic procedure for partitioning graphs,”Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 49, pp. 291–307, Feb. 1970.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. C.M. Fiduccia and R.M. Matteyses, “A linear-time heuristic for improving network partitions,”Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 175–181, June 1982.

  21. S. Kirkpatrick, C.D. Gelatt, and M.P. Velatt, “Optimization by simulated annealing,”Science, Vol 220, No. 4598, pp. 671–680, May 1983.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. G. Vijayan, “Partitioning logic on graph structures to minimize routing cost,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, pp. 1326–1334, Dec. 1990.

  23. W.E. Donath, “Logic partitioning,”Physical Design Automation of VLSI Systems, (Eds.) B. Preas and M. Lorenzetti, Benjamin/ Cummings, pp. 65–86, 1988.

  24. D.G. Schweikert and B.W. Kernighan, “A proper model for the partitioning of electrical circuits,”Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 57–62, 1972.

  25. Y.C. Wei and C.K. Cheng, “Ratio cut partitioning for hierarchical designs,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 10, pp. 911–921, July 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. L. Hagen and A.B. Kahng, “New spectral methods for ratio cut partitioning and clustering,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 1074–1085, Sept. 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. C.J. Alpert and A.B. Kahng, “Geometric embeddings for faster and better multi-way netlist partitioning,”Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 743–748, 1993.

  28. E.R. Barnes, “An algorithm for partitioning the nodes of a graph,”Siam Journal of Algorithms and Discrete Methods, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 541–549, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. P.K. Chan, M.D.F. Schlag, and J. Zien, “SpectralK-way ratiocut partitioning and clustering,”IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 13, No. 9, pp. 1088–1096, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Frankle and R.M. Karp, “Circuit placement and cost bounds by eigenvector decomposition,”Proceedings of the International Conference on CAD, pp. 414–417, 1986.

  31. H.D. Simon, “Partitioning of unstructured problems for parallel processing,”Computing Systems in Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2/3, pp. 135–148, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. B. Hendrickson and R. Leland, “The Chaco user's guide, V. 1.0,” Tech. Report SAND93-2339, Sandia National Lab., Oct. 1993.

  33. K.M. Hall, “Anr-dimensional quadratic placement algorithm,”Management Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 219–229, Nov. 1970.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. T. Lengauer,Combinatorial Algorithms for Integrated Circuit Layout, Wiley-Teubner, Chichester, U.K., 1990.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. P.G. Paulin and J.P. Knight, “Force-directed scheduling for behavioral synthesis of ASIC's”.IEEE Transactions on CAD, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 661–679, June 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Potkonjak and J.M. Rabaey, “Scheduling algorithms for hierarchical data control flow graphs,”International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 217–233, May–June 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. P.E. Landman and J.M. Rabaey, “Architectural power analysis: The dual bit type method,”IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 173–187, June 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. R.W. Brodersen, (ed.),Anatomy of a Silicon Compiler, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mehra, R., Guerra, L.M. & Rabaey, J.M. Low-power architectural synthesis and the impact of exploiting locality. J VLSI Sign Process Syst Sign Image Video Technol 13, 239–258 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01130408

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01130408

Keywords

Navigation