Abstract
An operation on integers isLTTC if it is computable in linear time on a Turing machine (using the dyadic or binary representation of integers). AnLTTC-RAM (respectivelyI-RAM) is a RAM which only uses LTTC operations (respectively operations in the setI).
The address-free time complexity measure of a RAM evaluates execution times using the logarithmic cost criterion but assumes that addressing operations are performed for free.
Using the above notions, the present paper proves some invariance properties of RAMs with respect to time complexity.
We show that an LTTC-RAM which works within address-free timet may be simulated on a {+}-RAM (respectively, a {Concatenation}-RAM) using only integersO(t 1+ε) (for any fixed ε>0) within timeO(t), using the logarithmic cost criterion.
It follows that the class of functions computable in linear time on an LTTC-RAM (using the logarithmic cost criterion) is not modified if we make one or several of the following changes:
-
∘ we assume addressing operations are performed for free,
-
∘ the set of allowed LTTC operations is changed ({+}, {Concatenation}, {+, −}, for example),
-
∘ we allow multidimensional arrays (without omitting the time of addressing),
-
∘ the integers (respectively addresses) used by the RAM are required to be bounded by a polynomial in timet, orO(t 1+ε) for a fixed ε.
As an application, we define and study two robust RAM complexity classes, denoted LINEAR and LARGELINEAR, and discuss their ability to represent linear-time computability.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.V. Aho, J.E. Hopcroft andJ.D. Ullman,The design and analysis of computer algorithms. Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1974.
D. Angluin andL. Valiant, Fast probabilistic algorithms for Hamiltonian circuits and matchings.J. Comput. System Sci. 18 (1979), 155–193.
S.A. Cook andR.A. Reckhow, Time bounded random access machines.J. Comput. System Sci. 7 (1973), 354–375.
P. Van Emde Boas, Space measures for storage modification machines.Inform. Process. Lett. 30 (1989), 103–110.
P. Van Emde Boas, Machine models and simulations. Chapter 1 ofThe Handbook of Theoretical Science, vol. A (Algorithms and complexity), J. Van Leeuwen, ed., Elsevier, MIT Press, 1990, 3–66.
R. Fagin, Generalized first-order spectra and polynomial-time recognizable sets.SIAM-AMS Proc. 7 (1974), 43–73.
P.C. Fischer, A.R. Meyer, andA.L. Rozenberg, Real-time simulations of multihead tape units.J. Assoc. Comput. Machin. 19 (1972), 590–607.
E. Grädel, On the notion of linear time. InProc. 3rd Italian Conf. Theoret. Comput. Sci. (1989) World Scientific Publ. Co., 323–334, also to appear inInternat. J. Foundations Comput. Sci.
E. Grädel, Capturing complexity classes by fragments of second order logic. Preprint (June 1991), to appear in a Special Issue ofTheoret. Comput. Sci. (1992), Guest editor: E. Grandjean.
E. Grandjean, Universal quantifiers and time complexity of random access machines.Math. Systems Theory 18 (1985), 171–187.
E. Grandjean, First-order spectra with one variable.J. Comput. System Sci. 40 (1990a), 136–153.
E. Grandjean, RAMs with polynomially compact memory are efficiently simulated by RAMs with almost linearly compact memory.Abstracts of A.M.S. 90T-68-33 Issue 6711 (3) (1990b), 238.
E. Grandjean, RAMs can be simulated in linear time by RAMs with compact memory. Abstract to appear inAbstracts of A.M.S. (1990c).
E. Grandjean,Linear time algorithms and NP-complete problems. Tech. Rep. Univ. Caen, Cahiers du LIUC, 91-9, November 1991, 47 pages, submitted.
E. Grandjean andJ.M. Robson, RAM with compact memory.Abstracts of A.M.S. 90T-68-34 Issue 6711 (2) (March 1990), 238.
E. Grandjean and J. M. Robson,RAM with compact memory: a realistic and robust model of computation. Tech. Rep. Univ. de Caen, France, Cahiers du LIUC 90-8 (1990), appears in revised form in CSL 90,Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 533 (1991), 195–233.
Y. Gurevich, Kolmogorov machines and related issues: The column on logic in computer science.Bull. EATCS 35 (1988), 71–82.
Y. Gurevich andS. Shelah, Nearly linear time. In Meyer Taitslin (Eds.), Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1989,Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 363, 108–118.
J.E. Hopcroft, W. Paul andL. Valiant, On time versus space and related problems.J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 24 (1977), 332–337.
J.E. Hopcroft andJ.D. Ullman,Introduction to automata theory, languages and computation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1979.
N. Immerman, Relational queries computable in polynomial time. InProc. Fourteenth Ann. ACM Symp. Theor. Comput., 1982, 147–152;Inform. and Control 68 (1986), 86–104.
J. Katajainen, J. van Leeuwen andM. Penttonen, Fast simulation of Turing machines by random access machines.SIAM J. Comput. 17 (1988), 77–88.
J.M. Robson, Random access machines with multi-dimensional memories.Inform. Process. Lett. 34 (1990), 265–266.
C.P. Schnorr, Satisfiability is quasilinear complete in NQL.J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 25 (1978), 136–145.
A. Schönhage, Storage modification machines.SIAM J. Comput. 9 (1980), 490–508.
A. Schönhage, A nonlinear lower bound for random access machines under logarithmic cost.J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 35 (1988), 748–754.
C. Slot andP. van Emde Boas, The problem of space invariance for sequential machines.Inform. and Comput. 77 (1988), 93–122.
K. Wagner andG. Wechsung,Computational complexity. Reidel ed., Berlin, 1986.
J. Wiedermann, Deterministic and nondeterministic simulation of the RAM by the Turing machine. InProc. IFIP Congress 83, R.E.A. Mason, ed., North Holland, Amsterdam 1983, 163–168.
J. Wiedermann,Normalizing and accelerating RAM computations and the problem of reasonable space measures. Tech. Rep. OPS-3/1990 (June 1990), Department of Programming Systems, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, andProc. 17th ICALP, Lecture Notes Comput. Sci. 443, Springer-Verlag (1990).