Abstract
Many maps [an important source of information for efficient spatial data evaluation using a Geographic Information System (GIS)] must still be digitized manually, a time-consuming and error-prone process. Therefore, we developed the processing of maps (PROMAP) system, which incorporates adequate image analysis. The system can generate a symbolic description of the map that can be imported into a GIS. A color scanner generates a multicolor raster image of the map. This image is split into layers of predefined map colors. Each layer is vectorized and methods like neural network-based symbol and object recognition for the extraction of attributed structure primitives and knowledge-directed image interpretation are applied. The map scene is structured hierarchically. The interface to the GIS is represented by the map objects at the upper levels of hierarchy. These investigations described are part of the interdisciplinary projectEnvironmental Planning System. The scope of this project is the combination of data acquisition, the development of an evaluation scheme, and GIS in an integrated concept.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alemany J, Kasturi R (1987) A computer-vision system for interpretation of paper-based maps. Proceedings SPIE Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing X 829:125–137
Andreadis I, Browne M, Swift JA (1990) Image pixel classification by chromaticity analysis. Patt Recogn Letters 11:51–58
Besslich P, Delius I, Ebi N, Lauterbach B, Stäblein G (1992) Umweltplanungssystem: Integration wissensbasierter Bildinterpretation von Karten zur Bewertung von Standorteignung und Bodenschutz. In: Peschel GJ (ed) Wissensbasierte Systeme in den Geowissenschaften. Beiträge zur Mathematischen Geologie und Geoinformatik (Original in German, pp 18–25)
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Illumination Commission) (1986) Colorimetry (Original in German). CIE Publication Nr. 15.2, Vienna
Doyle J (1979) A truth maintenance system. Artif Intell 12:231–272
Ebi N, Besslich P (1991) Extraktion paralleler Linienstrukturen am Beispiel topographischer Karten (Original in German). In: Radig B (ed) Mustererkennung 1991, Proceedings 13. DAGM- Symposium, Informatik-Fachberichte 190. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 312–319
Ebi N, Lauterbach B, Besslich P (1992) Automatic data acquisition from topographic maps using a knowledge-based image analysis system. In: Fritz LW, Lucas JR (eds) International Archives of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Volume XXIX, Part B4, Commission IV, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, pp 655–663
Chu YK, Suen CY (1986) An alternate smoothing and stripping algorithm for thinning digital binary patterns. Signal Processing 11:207–222
de Kleer J (1986) An assumption-based TMS. Artif Intell 28:127–162
Harmon P, King D (1985) Expert systems — artificial intelligence in business. Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 44–46
Ilg M, Kübler O (1989) Wissensbasiertes Verstehen von Straßenkarten. Mustererkennung 1989. Proceedings 11. DAGM-Symposium, Informatik-Fachberichte 219 (Original in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 354–358
Illert A (1990) Automatische Erfassung von Kartenschriften, Symbolen und Grundrißobjekten aus der Deutschen Grundkarte 1:5000 (Original in German). Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Fachrichtun Vermessung an der Universität Hannover, Nr. 166, Hannover
Kasson JM, Plouffe W (1991) Subsampled device-independent interchange color spaces. In: Bender W, Plouffe W (eds) Image Handling and Reproduction Systems Integration. Proceedings of SPIE 1460:11–19
Kasturi R, Fernandez R, Amlani ML, Feng W (1989) Map data processing in geographic information systems. IEEE Comput Soc 12:10–21
Krasner GE, Pope ST (1988) A cookbook for using the model-view-controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk-80. ParcPlace Systems, Palo Alto, Calif
Lauterbach B, Anheier W (1993) Segmentierung farbiger kartographischer Vorlagen in empfindungsgemäßen Farbräumen (Original in German). In: Poeppl S, Haudels H (eds) Mustererkennung 1993, Proceedings 15. DAGM-Symposium, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 733–740
Lauterbach B, Besslich P (1991) A neural network based recognition of complex two-dimensional objects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, Kobe, Japan. IEEE Publishing Services, New York 3:2504–2509
Lauterbach B, Ebi N, Besslich P (1992) PROMAP — a system for analysis of topographic maps. Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Palm Springs, Calif, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 46–55
Mayer H, Heipke C, Maderlechner G (1992) Knowledge-based interpretation of scanned large-scale maps using multi-level modelling. In: Fritz LW, Lucas JR (1992) International Archives of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Volumen XXIX, Part B3, Commission IV, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, pp 578–585
Minsky M (1979) A framework for representing knowledge. In: Metzing D (ed) Frame conceptions and text understanding, de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 1–25
Mukherjee A, Venkatesh YV (1986) Digital color reproduction of color television monitors. Comput Vision Graph Image Processing 36:114–132
Mulder JA, Mackworth AK, Havens WS (1988) Knowledge structuring and constraint satisfaction: the map see approach. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell 10:866–879
Niemann H, Sagerer GF, Schröder S, Kummert F (1990) ERNEST: a semantic network system for pattern understanding. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal MAchine Intell 12:883–905
Pavlidis T (1987) Algorithms for graphics and image processing. Computer Science Press, Rockville, pp 142–214
Petri CJ (1989) Reason maintenance in expert systems. Kl — Künstliche Intelligenz 2:54–60
Puppe F (1987) Belief revision in diagnosis. GWAI-87 — Proceedings 11th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 175–184
Quillian MR (1968) Semantic memory. In: Minsky M (ed) Semantic information processing, MIT Press, Cambridge London, pp 227–270
Reinfrank M (1987) Reason maintenance systems. In: Stoyan H (ed) Begründungsverwaltung, Informatik-Fachberichte 162. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–26
Richter M (1981) Einführung in die Farbmetrik. de Gruyter, Berlin New York
Sagerer G (1985) Darstellung und Nutzung von Expertenwissen für ein Bildanalysesystem (Original in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Schoppmeyer J (1991) Farbreproduktion in der Kartographie und ihre theoretischen Grundlagen (Original in German). Polygraph Verlag, Frankfurt, pp 42–74
Sezan MI (1990) A peak detection algorithm and its application to histogram-based image data reduction. Comput Vision Graph Image Processing 49:36–51
Shen W, Ebi N, Besslich P (1991) Schraffurerkennung in graphischen Vorlagen (Original in German). In: Radig B (ed) Mustererkennung 1991, Proceedings 13. DAGM-Symposium, Informatik- Fachberichte 290. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 312–319
Suzuki S, Yamada T (1990) MARIS: map recognition input system. In: Pau LF (ed) Mapping and spatial modelling for navigation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 95–116
Tomita F, Tsuji S (1990) Computer analysis of visual textures. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, pp 71–92
Yang J (1989) Automatische Digitalisierung von Deckfolien der Deutschen Grundkarte 1:5000 — Bodenkarte (Original in German). Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Fachrichtung Vermessung an der Universität Hannover, No. 161
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ebi, N., Lauterbach, B. & Anheier, W. An image analysis system for automatic data acquisition from colored scanned maps. Machine Vis. Apps. 7, 148–164 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01211660
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01211660