Abstract
Wearable computers afford a degree of mobility that makes tracking for augmented reality difficult. This paper presents a novel object-centric tracking architecture for presenting augmented reality media in spatial relationships to objects, regardless of the objects' positions or motions in the world. The advance this system provides is the ability to sense and integrate new features into its tracking database, thereby extending the tracking region automatically. A “lazy evaluation” of the structure from motion problem uses images obtained from a single calibrated moving camera and applies recursive filtering to identify and estimate the 3D positions of new features. We evaluate the performance of two filters; a classic Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a filter based on a Recursive-Average of Covariances (RAC). Some implementation issues and results are discussed in conclusion.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Starner T, Mann S, Rhodes B, Levine J, Healey J, Kirsh D, Picard R, Pentland A. Augmented reality through wearable computing. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1997; 6:386–398
Neumann U, Majoros A. Cognitive, performance, and systems issues for augmented reality applications in manufacturing and maintenance. Proceedings of IEEE VRAIS 1998; 4–11
Sutherland I. A head-mounted three-dimensional display. Fall Joint Computer Conference 1968; 757–775
Foxlin E. Inertial head-tracker sensor fusion by a complementary separate-bias Kalman filter. Proceedings of VRAIS 1996; 184–194
Ghazisadedy M, Adamczyk D, Sandlin DJ, Kenyon RV, DeFanti TA. Ultrasonic calibration of a magnetic tracker in a virtual reality space, Proceedings of VRAIS 1995; 179–188
Kim D, Richards SW, Caudell T P. An optical tracker for augmented reality and wearable computers. Proceedings of VRAIS 1997; 146–150
Meyer K, Applewhite HL, Biocca FA. A survey of position trackers. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1992; 1:173–200
Sowizral H, Barnes J. Tracking position and orientation in a large volume. Proceedings of IEEE VRAIS 1993; 132–139
State A, Hirota G, Chen DT, Garrett B, Livingston M. Superior augmented reality registration by integrating landmark tracking and magnetic tracking. Proceedings of Siggraph96. Computer Graphics 1996; 429–438
Ward M, Azuma R, Bennett R, Gottschalk S, Fuchs H. A demonstrated optical tracker with scalable work area for head-mounted display systems. Proceedings of the Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics 1992; 43–52
Weich G, Bishop G. SCMT: Incremental tracking with incomplete information. Proceedings of Siggraph '97, Computer Graphics. 1997; 333–344
Klinker G, Ahlers K, Breem D, Chevalier P, Crampton C, Greer D, Koller D, Kramer A, Rose E, Tuceryan M, Whitaker R. Confluence of computer vision and interactive graphics for augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1997; 6:433–451
Feiner S, Webster A, Krueger T III, MacIntyre M, Keller E. Architectural anatomy. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1995; 4:318–325
Feiner S, Macintyre B, Seligmann D. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM 1993; 36(7):52–62
Wells W, Kikinis R, Altobelli D, Ettinger G, Lorensen W, Cline H, Gleason PL, Jolesz F. Video registration using fiducials for surgical enhanced reality. Engineering in Medicine and Biology, IEEE 1993
Bajura M, Fuchs H, Ohbuchi R. Merging virtual reality with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient. Computer Graphics, Proceedings of Siggraph 1992; 203–210
Caudell TP, Mizell DM. Augmented reality: an application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes. Proceedings of the Hawaii international Conference on Systems Sciences 1992; 659–669
Natonek E, Zimmerman Th, Fluckiger L. Model based vision as feedback for virtual reality robotics environments. Proceedings of VRAIS 1995; 110–117
Neumann U, Cho Y. A self-tracking augmented reality system. Proceedings of ACM Virtual Reality Software and Technology 1996; 109–115
Rekimoto J. NaviCam: a magnifying glass approach to augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1997; 6:399–412
Sharma R, Molineros J. Computer vision-based augmented reality for guiding manual assembly. Presence: Teleoperator and Virtual Environments 1997; 6:292–317
Uenohara M, Kanade T. Vision-based object registration for real-time image overlay. Proceedings of Computer Vision, Virtual Reality, and Robotics in Medicine 1995; 13–22
Kutulakos K, Vallino J. Affine object representations for calibration-free augmented reality. Proceedings of VRAIS 1996; 25–36
Mellor JP. Enhanced reality visualization in a surgical environment. Master's thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, MIT 1995
Neumann U, Park J. Extendable object-centric tracking for augmented reality. Proceedings of IEEE VRAIS 1998; 148–155
Huang TS, Netravali AN. Motion and structure from feature correspondences: a review. Proceedings of the IEEE 1994; 82:252–268
Fischler MA, Bolles RC. Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Graphics and image Processing 1981, 24:381–395
Ganapathy S. Real-time motion tracking using a single camera. AT&T Bell Labs Tech Report November 1984; 11358-841105-21-TM
Horaud R, Conio B, Leboulleux O. An analytic solution for the perspective 4-point problem. Computer Vision. Graphics, and Image Processing 1989; 47:33–43
Azarbayejani A, Pentland A. Recursive estimation of motion, structure, and focal length. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1995; 17(6)
Broida TJ, Chandrashekhar S, Chellappa R. Recursive estimation from a monocular image sequence. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 1990; 26:639–655
Soatto S, Persona P. Recursive 3D visual motion estimation using subspace constraints. California Institute of Technology, Technical report CIT-CDS 94005. February 1994
lu S-L, Rogovin KW. Registering perspective contours with 3D objects without correspondence, using orthogonal polynomials. Proceedings of VRAIS 1996; 37–44
Eagle Eye, Kinetic Sciences. http://www.kinetic.bc.ca/eagle_eye.html
Tremeau A, Borel N. A region growing and merging algorithm to color segmentation. Pattem Recognition 1997; 30:1191–1203
Mendel JM. Lessons in estimation theory for signal processing, communications, and control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1995
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Neumann, U., Park, J. Tracking for augmented reality on wearable computers. Virtual Reality 3, 167–175 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01408559
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01408559