Abstract
This paper establishes an upper bound on the time complexity of iterative-deepening-A* (IDA*) in terms of the number of states that are surely-expanded by A* during a state space tree search. It is shown that given an admissible evaluation function, IDA* surely-expands in the worst caseN(N+1)/2 states, whereN is the number of states that are surely-expanded by A*. The conditions that give rise to the worst case performance of IDA* on any state space tree are described. Worst case examples are also given for uniform and non-uniform state space trees.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
A. Bagchi and A. Mahanti, Search algorithms under different kinds of heuristics — A comparative study, J. ACM 30 (1983) 1–21.
A. Bagchi and A. Mahanti, Three approaches to heuristic search in networks, J. ACM 32 (1985) 1–27.
A. Bagchi and A.K. Sen, Average-case analysis of heuristic search in tree-like networks, in:Search in Artificial Intelligence, eds. L. Kanal and V. Kumar (Springer, New York, 1988) pp. 131–165.
R. Dechter and J. Pearl, The optimality of A* revisited,Proc. 3rd AAAI Conf., Washington, DC (1983) pp. 95–99.
R. Dechter and J. Pearl, Generalized best-first search strategies and the optimality of A*, J. ACM 32 (1989) 505–536.
R. Dechter and J. Pearl, The optimality of A*, in:Search in Artificial Intelligence, eds. L. Kanal and V. Kumar (Springer, New York, 1988) pp. 166–199.
J. Gaschnig, Performance measurement and analysis of certain search algorithms, Ph.D. dissertation, Technical Report CMU-CS-79-124, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA (1979).
D. Gelperin, On the optimality of A*, Art. Int. 8 (1977) 69–76.
P.E. Hart, N.J. Nilsson and B. Raphael, A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths, IEEE Trans. Systems Sci. Cyber. SSC-4 (1968) 100–107.
P.E. Hart, N.J. Nilsson and B. Raphael, Correction to “A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths”, SIGART Newsletter 37 (1972) 28–29.
N. Huyn, R. Dechter and J. Pearl, Probabilistic analysis of the complexity of A*, Art. Int. 15 (1980) 241–254.
R.E. Korf, Depth-first iterative-deepening: An optimal admissible tree search, Art. Int. 27 (1985) 97–109.
R.E. Korf, Optimal path-finding algorithms, in:Search in Artificial Intelligence, eds. L. Kanal and V. Kumar (Springer, New York, 1988) pp. 223–267.
A. Mahanti and K. Ray, Network search algorithms with modifiable heuristics, in:Search in Artificial Intelligence, eds. L. Kanal and V. Kumar (Springer, New York, 1988) pp. 200–222.
A. Martelli, On the complexity of admissible search algorithms, Art. Int. 8 (1977) 1–13.
L. Mérõ, A heuristic search algorithm with modifiable estimate, Art. Int. 23 (1984) 13–27.
N.J. Nilsson,Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971).
N.J. Nilsson,Principles of Artificial Intelligence (Tioga, Palo Alto, CA, 1980).
B.G. Patrick, An analysis of iterative-deepening-A*, Ph.D. dissertation, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (1991).
J. Pearl, Knowledge versus search: A quantitative analysis using A*, Art. Int. 20 (1983) 1–13.
J. Pearl,Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving (Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, 1984).
I. Pohl, First results on the effect of error in heuristic search, in:Machine Intelligence 5, eds. B. Meltzer and D. Michie (American Elsevier, New York, 1970) pp. 219–236.
I. Pohl, Heuristic search viewed as path finding in a graph, Art. Int. 1 (1970) 193–204.
I. Pohl, The avoidance of (relative) catastrophe, heuristic competence, genuine dynamic weighting and computational issues in heuristic problem solving,Proc. IJCAI 3, Stanford, CA (1973) pp. 20–23.
I. Pohl, Practical and theoretical considerations in heuristic search algorithms, in:Machine Intelligence 8, eds. E.W. Elcock and D. Michie (Wiley, New York, 1977) pp. 55–72.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported in part by the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Grant NSERC3599.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patrick, B.G., Almulla, M. & Newborn, M.M. An upper bound on the time complexity of iterative-deepening-A* . Ann Math Artif Intell 5, 265–277 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543478
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543478