Abstract
The Kalman duality between the reachability and observability of finite-dimensional linear systems is generalized to adjoint systems (in the sense of Arbib-Manes). The theory includes previous results on infinite-dimensional linear systems and linear systems over rings, and yields new results for classes of nonlinear systems such as bilinear and polynomial systems.
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Nolte, C.G., Naudé, G. Duality between reachability and observability for adjoint systems. Math. Systems Theory 16, 251–266 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01744579
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01744579