Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

GRADE: A software environment for machine translation

  • Software Review
  • Published:
Computers and translation

Abstract

GRADE, a software environment for machine translation is described. It has been developed for the Mu machine translation project, which was supported by the Science & Technology Agency of the Japanese Government. GRADE consists of 3 components: (1) a grammar writing language based on flexible tree-to-tree transformation rules with a control mechanism and an interpreter; (2) software tools for constructing and maintaining grammar rules; and (3) software tools for developing dictionary databases which are based on the concept ofneutral dictionary. In this paper, these software packages are discussed from the viewpoint of the development of a large scale machine translation system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Kume, M., J. Tsujii, M. Nagao. 1987. The Construction of the Mu English-Japanese Translation System and the Translation Results.IPSJ-WGNL, Vol. 59, No. 6 (in Japanese).

  • Nagao, M., T. Nishida, and J. Tsujii. 1984. Dealing with the Incompleteness of Linguistic Knowledge in Language Translation. Proceedings of COLING-84, pp. 420–428.

  • Nagao, M., J. Tsujii, and J. Nakamura. 1985. The Japanese Government Project of Machine TranslationComputational Linguistics, Vol. 11, Issue 2–3, pp. 91–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, J., J. Tsujii, and M. Nagao. 1985. Grammar Writing System (GRADE) of Mu-Machine Translation Project and its characteristics.Journal of Information Processing, IPSJ, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, J., J. Tsujii, M. Nagao. 1986. A Utilization Method of Dictionary Databases in Machine Translation.Transactions of IPSJ, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 801–810 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujii, J., J. Nakamura, and M. Nagao. 1984. Analysis Grammar of Japanese in Mu-Project. Proceedings of COLING-84, pp. 267–274.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, 606, Kyoto, Japan

    Jun-ichi Nakamura, Jun-ichi Tsujii & Makoto Nagao

Authors
  1. Jun-ichi Nakamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun-ichi Tsujii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Makoto Nagao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

The authors thank their colleagues in the Mu project, who helped in the development of the system and already returned to their private companies to develop their own machine translation systems. We also wish to thank the researchers at the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology, and the Electrotechnical Laboratory of Kyoto University for their cooperation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nakamura, Ji., Tsujii, Ji. & Nagao, M. GRADE: A software environment for machine translation. Mach Translat 3, 69–82 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02057968

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02057968

Keywords