Skip to main content
Log in

Branch & sample: A simple strategy for constraint satisfaction

  • Part I Computer Science
  • Published:
BIT Numerical Mathematics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many constraint satisfaction problems have too many solutions for exhaustive generation. Optimization techniques may help in selecting a small number of solutions for consideration, but a reasonable measure of optimality is not always at hand. A simple algorithm called Branch & Sample is suggested as an alternative to optimization. Combining breadth-first and depth-first search Branch & Sample finds solutions distributed over the search tree. The aim is to obtain a limited set of solutions that corresponds well to the intuitive notion of a representative, uniformly scattered sample. A precise definition of this notion is discussed in relation to the algorithm whose effect is illustrated by two geometric design problems. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated and it is concluded that Branch & Sample is applicable to certain types of problems, and refinements can extend the scope of application.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Galle,Computer methods in architectural problem solving: Critique and proposals. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 6, 1 (Spring 1989).

  2. P. Galle,A Formalized Concept of Sketching in Automated Floor Plan Design (With an appendix, “Abstraction as a Tool of Automated Floor Plan Design”, reprinted from Environment and Planning B 1986), DIKU, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, diss., DIKU-report* no. 87/3 (1987 a).

  3. P. Galle,A Basic Problem Definition Language for Automated Floor Plan Design, DIKU, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, diss., DIKU-report* no. 87/4 (1987 b).

  4. E. M. Reingold, J. Nievergelt, and N. Deo,Combinatorial Algorithms: Theory and Practice, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  5. N. J. Nilsson,Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Tioga Publishing Co., Palo Alto, Calif. (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  6. E. Rich,Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, Singapore (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  7. E. L. Lawler and D. E. Wood,Branch-and-bound methods: a survey, Operations Research 14, 699–719 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  8. L. B. Kovács,Combinatorial Methods of Discrete Programming, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. S. Nau, V. Kumar, and L. Kanal,General branch and bound, and its relation to A* and AO*, Artificial Intelligence 23, 29–58 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Nozari and E. E. Enscore Jr.,Computerized facility layout with graph theory, Computers and Industrial Engineering 5, 3, (1981), 183–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. T. Jespersen,Datamatstottet pladsdisponering til bygningsdesign (in Danish), DIKU, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, unpublished thesis no. 86-2-2 (1986).

  12. P. Galle,Branch & Sample: Systematic Combinatorial Search without Optimization, DIKU, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, diss., DIKU-report* no. 87/5 (1987 c).

  13. R. Rammal, G. Toulouse, and M. A. Virasoro,Ultrametricity for physicists, Reviews of Modern Physics 58, 3, 765–788 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J. R. Bitner and E. M. Reingold,Backtrack programming techniques, Communications of the ACM 18, 11, 651–656 (November 1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. K. Mackworth,Consistency in networks of relations, Artificial Intelligence 8, 99–118 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. P. W. Purdom, Jr., C. A. Brown, and E. L. Robertson,Backtracking with multi-level dynamic search rearrangement, Acta Informatica 15, 99–113 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Bruynooghe,Solving combinatorial search problems by intelligent backtracking, Information Processing Letters 12, 1, 36–39 (Feb. 1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. E. C. Freuder,A sufficient condition for backtrack-free search, Journal of the ACM 29, 1, 24–32 (Jan. 1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. E. C. Freuder,A sufficient condition for backtrack-bounded search, Journal of the ACM 32, 4, 755–761 (Oct. 1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. W. A. Kornfeld,Combinatorially implosive algorithms, Communications of the ACM 25, 10, 734–738 (Oct. 1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Nudel,Consistent-labeling problems and their algorithms: expected-complexities and theory-based heuristics, Artificial Intelligence 21, 135–178 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. Dechter and J. Pearl,The cycle-cutset method for improving search performance in AI applications, Proc. 3rd IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Orlando, FL., 224–230 (1987).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galle, P. Branch & sample: A simple strategy for constraint satisfaction. BIT 29, 395–408 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02219227

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02219227

CR categories

Keywords and phrases

Navigation