Skip to main content

An inference engine for representing multiple theories

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Knowledge Representation and Organization in Machine Learning

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 347))

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to discuss some general requirements for knowledge representation formalisms used in learning systems. Some general examples of learning tasks are examined, and it is discussed how the extent of these tasks determines the requirements which must be fulfilled by the knowledge representation used in the learning program. It is argued that learning tasks in which the output of one learning stage is "looped back" as input to the next brings about specific requirements for the knowledge representation and for the maintenance of knowledge. A logic-based system is described which fulfills these requirements, allows the representation of the epistemological states of a learning program, and offers mechanisms necessary to solve "real world" learning tasks. As a case study, the possible use of a multiple theory representation is described in more detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

7 References

  • Adams, D. (88): "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency"; Pan Books, London, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Attardi, G./ Simi, M. (84): "Metalanguage and Reasoning about Viewpoints"; Proc. European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, N.D. (76): "How a Computer Should Think"; In: G. Reyle (ed.): Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, Oriente Press, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentrup, J.A./ Mehler, G.J./ Riedesel, J.D. (87): "INDUCE 4: A Program for Incrementally Learning Structural Descriptions from Examples"; ISG Report 87-2, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, K.A. (85): "Meta-Level Programming and Knowledge Representation"; New Generation Computing, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 359–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazdil, P.B. (86a): "Transfer of Knowledge between Systems: Use of Meta-Knowledge in Debugging"; To appear in: Y. Kodratoff, A. Hutchinson (eds.): Machine and Human Learning, Horwood Pub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazdil, P.B. (86b): "Transfer of Knowledge between Systems: A Common Approach to Teaching and Learning"; In Proc. ECAI-86, Brighton, 1986, pp. 73–78 (Volume II)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazdil, P.B. (87): "Knowledge States and Meta-Knowledge Maintenance"; In: I. Bratko, N. Lavrac (eds.): Progress in Machine Learning — Proceedings of the EWSL-87, Bled, Yugoslavia, Sigma Press, Wilmslow, 1987, pp. 138–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Brebner, P.C. (85): "Paradigm Directed Computer Learning"; Master's Thesis, Computer Science Department, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A.M./ Quillian, M.R. (72): "Experiments on Semantic Memory and Language Comprehension"; In: L.W. Gregg (ed.): Cognition in Learning and Memory, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietterich, T.G./ London, B./ Clarkson, K./ Dromey, G.(82): "Learning and Inductive Inference"; In: P.R. Cohen/E.A. Feigenbaum (eds.): The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Chapter XIV, Volume 3, Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1982, pp.325–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietterich, T.G./ Michalski, R.S. (83): "Inductive Learning of Structural Descriptions: Evaluation Criteria and Comparative Review of Selected Methods"; In: R.S. Michalski/ J.G. Carbonell/ T.M. Mitchell (eds.): Machine Learning, Tioga, Palo Alto, 1983, pp. 41–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W. (86): "Big Flood in the Blocks World (or Non-Cumulative Learning)"; In: B. Boulay, D. Hogg, L. Steels (eds.): Advances in Artificial Intelligence II (7th ECAI-86, Brighton, England, 1986), Elsevier Pub. (North Holland), Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W. (87): "Non-Cumulative Learning in METAXA.3"; KIT-Report 56, Fachbereich Informatik, Technische Universität Berlin, 1987, a short version appeared in: Proc.IJCAI-87, Milan, Italy, 1987, pp. 208–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W./ Habel, Ch./ Rollinger, C.-R. (83): "The Discovery of the Equator (or Concept Driven Learning)"; In: Proc. IJCAI-83, Karlsruhe, F.R.G, 1983, pp. 569–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W./ Morik, K. (86): "Consultation Independent Learning"; To appear in: Y.Kodratoff/ A. Hutchinson (eds.): Human and Machine Learning, Horwood Pub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W./ Rollinger, C.-R. (87): "Wissensrepräsentation und Maschinelles Lernen"; In: G. Rahmsdorf (ed.): Wissensrepräsentation in Expertensystemen, Springer, Berlin, 1988, pp. 172–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, W./ Schmiedel, A. (83): "Aspekte der Verarbeitung unsicheren Wissens"; KIT-Report 6, Fachbereich Informatik, Technische Universität Berlin, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D.H. (87): "Knowledge Acquisition Via Incremental Conceptual Clustering"; In: Machine Learning 2(2), 1987, pp. 139–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Flann, N.S./ Dietterich, T.G. (86): "Selecting Appropriate Representations for Learning from Examples"; In: Proc. AAAI-86, Phil., PA, 1986, pp. 460–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Haase, K.W. (86): "Discovery Systems"; In: B. Boulay, D. Hogg, L. Steels (eds.): Advances in Artificial Intelligence II (7th ECAI-86, Brighton, England, 1986), Elsevier Pub. (North Holland), Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 111–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, Ch. (82): "Inferences — The Base of Semantics?"; In: R. Bäuerle, C. Schwarze, A. v.Stechow (eds.): Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, deGruyter, Berlin, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, Ch. (86): "Prinzipien der Referentialität — Untersuchungen zur propositionalen Struktur von Wissen"; Informatik-Fachbericht 122, Springer, Berlin, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, Ch./ Rollinger, C.-R. (82): "The Machine as Concept Learner"; In: Proc. of the ECAI-82, Orsay, Frankreich, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Holte, R.C. (86): "Alternative Information Structures in Incremental Learning Systems; To appear in: Y. Kodratoff, A. Hutchinson (eds.): Machine and Human Learning, Horwood Pub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes-Roth, F. (83): "Using Proofs and Refutations to Learn from Experience"; In: R.S. Michalski/ J.G. Carbonell/ T.M. Mitchell (eds.): Machine Learning, Tioga, Palo Alto, 1983, pp.221–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, H./ Grumbach, A. (86): "MULTILOG: Multiple Worlds in Logic Programming"; In: B. Boulay, D. Hogg, L. Steels (eds.): Advances in Artificial Intelligence II (7th ECAI-86, Brighton, England, 1986), Elsevier Pub. (North Holland), Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 233–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, P./ Gennari, J.H./ Iba, W. (87): "Hill-Climbing Theories of learning"; In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning, Irvine, California, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1987, pp. 312–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebowitz, M. (87): "Experiments with Incremental Concept Formation: UNIMEM"; In: Machine Learning 2(2), 1987, pp. 103–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenat, D.B. (82): "AM: Discovery in Mathematics as Heuristic Search"; In: R. Davis/D.G. Lenat: Knowledge Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence"; McGraw Hill, New York, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenat, D. (83): "The Role of Heuristics in Learning by Discovery: Three Case Studies"; In: R.S. Michalski/J.G. Carbonell/T.M. Mitchell (eds.): Machine Learning, Tioga, 1983, pp. 243–306

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllester, D.A. (82): "Reasoning Utility Package — User's Manual"; MIT, Memo 667, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, D. (83): "Contexts and Data Dependencies: A Synthesis"; In: IEEE Transactions of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-5, No. 3, May, 1983, pp. 237–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalski, R.S./ Winston, P.H. (86): "Variable Precision Logic"; Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 29, 1986, pp. 121–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T.M./ Utgoff, P.E./ Banerji, R. (83): "Learning by Experimentation: Acquiring and Refining Problem-Solving Heuristics"; In: R.S. Michalski/ J. Carbonell/ T.M. Mitchell (eds.): Machine Learning; Tioga Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1983, pp. 163–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Morik, K. (87): "Acquiring Domain Models"; In: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26, 1987, pp. 93–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Morik, K. (88): "Sloppy Modeling"; In this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Morik, K./ Rollinger, C.-R. (85): "The Real Estate Agent — Modeling Users by Uncertain Reasoning"; In: The AI Magazine, Summer 1985; pp. 44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Neches, R./ Swartout, W.R./ Moore, J. (85): "Explainable (and Maintainable) Expert Systems"; In: Proceedings IJCAI-85, Los-Angeles, CA, 1985, pp. 382–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinke, R.E./ Michalski, R.S. (85): "Incremental Learning of Concept Descriptions: A Method and Experimental Results"; In: Michie, D. (Ed.): Machine Intelligence XI, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. (80): "A Logic for Default Reasoning"; In: Artificial Intelligence 13(1,2), 1980, pp. 81–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rendell, L. (85): "Utility Patterns as Criteria for Efficient Generalization Learning"; Report UIUCDCS-R-85-1209, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, April 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollinger, C.-R. (83): "How to Represent Evidence — Aspects of Uncertain Reasoning"; In: Proc. IJCAI-83, Karlsruhe, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollinger, C.-R. (84): "Die Repräsentation natürlichsprachlich formulierten Wissens — Behandlung der Aspekte Unsicherheit und Satzverknüpfung"; Dissertation, Fachbereich Informatik, Technische Universität Berlin, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D./ Langley, P. (87): "Chemical Discovery as Belief Revision"; Machine Learning, Volume 1, 1986, pp. 423–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, S.E. (85): "The Complete Guide to MRS"; Report No. KSL-85-12, Stanford University, CA, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Sammut, C. (88): "Logic Programs as a Basis for Machine Learning"; In: P. Brazdil (ed.): Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Learning, Meta reasoning and Logics (Sesimbra, Portugal, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlimmer, J.C./ Granger, R.H. (86): Machine Learning, 1(3), 1986, pp. 317–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Someren, M. W. van (88): "Using Dependencies between Attributes for Rule Learning"; In this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Thieme, S. (88): "The Acquisition of Model-Knowledge for a Model-Driven Machine Learning Approach"; In this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrobel, S. (87a): "Design Goals for Sloppy Modeling Systems"; To appear in: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrobel, S. (87b): "Higher-order Concepts in a Tractable Knowledge Representation"; In: Procs. 11th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence 87, Springer, Berlin 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrobel, S. (88): "Demand-Driven Concept Formation"; In this volume

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Katharina Morik

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Emde, W. (1989). An inference engine for representing multiple theories. In: Morik, K. (eds) Knowledge Representation and Organization in Machine Learning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 347. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0017221

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0017221

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-50768-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46081-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics