Abstract
Certain inadequacies of homogeneous inheritance systems have caused an interest in heterogeneous inheritance systems. Heterogeneous representations allow for mixing of ‘known’ relations (inherited through ‘strict’ links) and what is ‘believed’ (inherits through ‘defeasible’ links). However, few well-founded systems have been proposed and heterogeneous systems have been considered to be not yet well understood. This paper presents a theory and implementation of a heterogeneous inheritance system. The principles of the system are that (i) rules of composition allow paths to be considered as single links (effective relationships), and (ii) rules of comparison allow selection of those effective relationships which state the most definite, specific information. These rules are enumerated and discussed, then an implementation of the theory is shown. An example of the operation of the system is explained in detail. Related recent work is noted.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bacchus, F. A Heterogeneous Inheritance System Based on Probabilities. Tech. Report 87-03, Alberta Center for Machine Intelligence and Robotics, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Alberta
Ballim, A., D. Fass, and S. Candelaria de Ram. Resolving a clash of intuitions: Utilizing strict and defeasible information in inheritance systems. Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-88-119, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
Ballim, A., S. Candelaria de Ram, and D. Fass. Some Foundations for Inheritance Systems. ISSCO working paper 55, ISSCO, 54 Rte des Acacias, Geneva, Suisse.
Brachman, Ronald J. What's in a Concept: Structural Foundations for Semantic Networks. International Journal for Man-Machine Studies 9: 127–152.
Brachman, Ronald J. On the Epistemological Status of Semantic Networks, p. 3–50 in Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers (Nicholas V. Findler, ed.). Academic Press, New York.
Brachman, Ronald J. What ISA Is and Isn't: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks. IEEE Computer 16(10): 30–36.
Brachman, R. J. I Lied About the Trees (or, Defaults and Definitions in Knowledge Representation). AI Magazine 6(3): 80–93.
Candelaria de Ram, S. Utilizing Fuzziness: Toward a Model of Language Dynamics, invited applications paper, First North American Workshop on Fuzzy Information Processing, Ogden, Utah.
Carbonell, Jaime C. Default Reasoning and Inheritance Mechanisms on Type Hierarchies. SIGPLAN Notices 16(1): 107–109.
Etherington, D. W. and R. Reiter. On Inheritance Hierarchies with Exceptions. Proceedings of AAAI-83: 104–108, Washington, D.C.
Etherington, D. W. Formalizing Nonmonotonic Reasoning Systems. Artificial Intelligence 31: 41–85.
Etherington, D. W. 1987. Relating Default Logic and Circumscription. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 489–494, Milan.
Etherington, D. W. A Semantics for Default Logic. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 495–498, Milan.
Etherington, D. W. More on Inheritance Hierarchies with Exceptions: Default Theories and Inferential Distance. Proceedings of AAAI '87: 352–357, Seattle.
Fahlman, Scott E. NETL: A System for Representing and Using Real-World Knowledge. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Falkenhainer, B., K. Forbus, and D. Gentner. The Structure-Mapping Engine. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 272–277, Philadelphia.
Fass, Dan C. Semantic Relations, Metonymy, and Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: A Coherence-Based Account. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference: 575–586. University of Washington, Seattle.
Findler, N. V. Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers (Nicholas V. Findler, ed.). Academic Press, New York.
Fox, M. S. 1979. On Inheritance in Knowledge Representation. Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79): 282–284, Tokyo, Japan.
Geffner, H., and J. Pearle. Sound defeasible inference. Technical report TR CSD870058, Cognitive Systems Lab, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1596.
Halpern, J. Y. and M. O. Rabin. A Logic to Reason about Likelihood. Artificial Intelligence 32: 379–405.
Horty, J. F. and R. H. Thomason. Mixing Strict and Defeasible Inheritance. Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-88): 427–432, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Horty, J. F., R. H. Thomason, and D. S. Touretzky. A Skeptical Theory of Inheritance in Nonmonotonic Semantic Networks. Proceedings of AAAI '87: 358–363, Seattle.
Moore, G. W. and G. M. Hutchins. A Hintikka possible worlds model for certainty levels in medical decision making. Synthese 48: 87–119.
Nado, R. and R. Fikes. Semantically Sound Inheritance for a Formally Defined Frame Language with Defaults. Proceedings of AAAI '87: 443–448, Seattle.
Nutter, J. T. Uncertainty and Probability. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, V. 1: 373–379, Milan.
Nutter, J. T. Default Reasoning. p. 840–848 in Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence (S. C. Shapiro, ed.). John Wiley, New York.
Peters, S. L. and S. C. Shapiro. A Representation for Natural Category Systems. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 140–146, Milan.
Rescher, N. Topics in Philosophical Logic. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Rosch, E., and C. Mervis. Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 7: 573–605.
Sandewall, Eric. Nonmonotonic Inference Rules for Multiple Inheritance with Exceptions. Proceedings of IEEE V 74 (No. 10; October, 1986): 1345–1353.
Shafer, G. A mathematical theory of evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Shastri, L. and J. A. Feldman. Evidential Reasoning in Semantic Networks: A Formal Theory. Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence: 465–474, Los Angeles.
Touretzky, D. S. The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems. Morgan Kaufman Publishers, Los Altos, California.
Touretzky, D. S., J. F. Horty, and R. H. Thomason. A Clash of Intuitions: The Current State of Nonmonotonic Multiple Inheritance Systems. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 476–482, Milan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ballim, A., de Ram, S.C., Fass, D. (1990). Reasoning using inheritance from a mixture of knowledge and beliefs. In: Ramani, S., Chandrasekar, R., Anjaneyulu, K.S.R. (eds) Knowledge Based Computer Systems. KBCS 1989. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 444. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0018396
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0018396
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-52850-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47168-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive