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Image-based styling

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Abstract

The same data can be visualized using various visual styles that each is suitable for specific requirements, e.g., 3D geodata visualized using photorealistic, cartographic, or illustrative styles. In contrast to feature-based styling, image-based styling performed in image space at image resolution allows decoupling styling from image generation and output-sensitive, expressive styling. However, leveraging image-based styling is still impeded. No previous approach allows specifying image-based styling expressively with an extensive inventory of composable operators, while providing styling functionality in a service-oriented, interoperable manner. In this article, we present an interactive system for specifying and providing the functionality of image-based styling. As key characteristics, it separates concerns of styling from image generation and facilitates specifying styling as algebraic compositions of high-level operators using a unified 3D model representation. We propose a generalized visualization model, an image-based styling algebra, two declarative DSLs, an operator taxonomy, an operational model, and a standards-based service interface. The approach facilitates expressive specifications of image-based styling for design, description, and analysis and leveraging the functionality of image-based styling in a service-oriented, interoperable, reusable, and composable manner.

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Abbreviations

API:

Application programming interface

BRDF:

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function

CRS:

Coordinate reference system

CTL1D 1D:

Color transfer lookup table

CTL3D 3D:

Color transfer lookup table

CTLnD nD:

Color transfer lookup table

DFG:

Data flow graph

DSL:

Domain-specific language

FID:

Feature identification

FNC:

Focus and context

FStyling:

Feature-based styling

G-buffer:

Geometric buffer

GLSL:

OpenGL Shading Language

IRep:

Image-based representation

ISA:

Image-based styling algebra

ISE:

Image-based Symbology Encoding

ISL:

Image-based Styling Language

ISLD:

Image-based Styled Layer Descriptor

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

IStyling:

Image-based styling

IView:

Image-based view

LOA:

Level of abstraction

LSG:

Logical styling graph

LUT:

Lookup table

NPR:

Non-photorealistic

OGC:

Open Geospatial Consortium

OID:

Object identification

PR:

Photorealistic

PSG:

Physical styling graph

SE:

Symbology Encoding

SE3D:

Symbology Encoding 3D

SLD:

Styled Layer Descriptor

SLD3D:

Styled Layer Descriptor 3D

SOA:

Service-oriented architecture

SSI:

Service-oriented architectures, standards, and image-based representations

W3C:

World Wide Web Consortium

WFS:

Web Feature Service

WISS:

Web Image-based Styling Service

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  1. Hasso-Plattner-Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str. 2-3, 14482, Potsdam, Germany

    Dieter Hildebrandt

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Hildebrandt, D. Image-based styling. Vis Comput 32, 445–463 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1073-3

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