Abstract
Caricature is a popular artistic media widely used for effective communications. The fascination of caricature lies in its expressive depiction of a person’s prominent features, which is usually realized through the so-called exaggeration technique. This paper proposes a new example-based automatic caricature generation system supporting the exaggeration of both the shape of facial components and the spatial relationships among the components. Given the photograph of a face, the system automatically computes the feature vectors representing the shape of facial components as well as the spatial relationship among the components. Those features are exaggerated and then used to search the learning database for the corresponding caricature components and for arranging the retrieved components to create the caricature. Experimental results show that our system can generate the caricatures of the example style capturing the prominent features of the subjects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Akleman, E.: Making caricature with morphing. In: SIGGRAPH Visual Proceedings: The Art and Interdisciplinary Programs of SIGGRAPH, p. 145 (2007)
Akleman, E., Palmar, J., Logan, R.: Making extreme caricatures with a new interactive 2d deformation technique with simplicial complexes. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Visual Computing, pp. 165–170 (2000)
Beucher, S., Meyer, F.: Chapter 12: The morphological approach to segmentation: the watershed transformation. In: Mathematical Morphology in Image Processing. New York (1993)
Bookstein, F.L.: Shape Models II: The Thin Plate Spline. The Palaeontological Association, London (1979)
Brennan, S.: Caricature generator: the dynamic exaggeration of faces by computer. Leonardo 18(3), 392–400 (1985)
Chen, H., Liu, Z., Rose, C., Xu, Y., Shum, H.Y., Salesin, D.: Example-based composite sketching of human portraits. In: International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 95–102 (2004)
Chen, H., Xu, Y.Q., Shum, H.Y., Zhu, S.C., Zheng, N.N.: Example-based facial sketch generation with non-parametric sampling. Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. 2, 433–438 (2001)
Chen, W., Yu, H., Zhang, J.: Example based caricature synthesis. In: Proceedings of Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (2009)
Chiang, P., Liao, W., Li, T.: Automatic caricature generation by analyzing facial feature. In: Proceedings of Asian Conference on Computer Vision (2004)
Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J., Cooper, D.H., Graham, J.: Active shape models—their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 61(1), 38–59 (1995)
Gooch, B., Reinhard, E., Gooh, A.: Human facial illustrations: creation and psychophysical evaluation. ACM Trans. Graph. 23(1), 27–44 (2004)
Klare, B.F., Bucak, S.S., Jain, A.K., Akgul, T.: Towards automated caricature recognition. In: IAPR International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), pp. 139–146 (2012)
Koshimizu, H., Tominaga, M., Fujiwara, T., Murakami, K.: On kansei facial image processing for computerized facial caricaturing system picasso. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (1999)
Liang, L., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Shum, H.: Example-based caricature generation with exaggeration. In: Pacific Graphics, pp. 386–393 (2002)
Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gao, W.: Mapping learning in eigenspace for harmonious caricature generation. In: Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pp. 683–686 (2006)
Liu, J., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Gao, X., Gao, W.: Semisupervised learning of caricature pattern from manifold regularizations. Adv. Multimed. Model. 5371(1), 413–424 (2009)
Min, F., Suo, J.L., Zhu, S.C., Sang, N.: An automatic portrait system based on and-or graph representation. In: International Conference on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (EMMCVPR), pp. 184–197 (2007)
Mo, Z., Lewis, J., Neumann, U.: Improved automatic caricature by feature normalization and exaggeration. In: SIGGRAPH Sketches (2004)
Nakasu, T., Naemura, T., Harashima, H.: Applying various artists’ style of exaggeration to a facial caricature drawing system with an interactive genetic algorithm. J. Inst. Image Inf. Telev. Eng. 63(9), 1241–1251 (2009)
Redman, L.: How to Draw Caricatures. McGrawHill, New York (1984)
Sadimon, S.B., Sunar, M.S., Mohamad, D., Haron, H.: Computer generated caricature: A survey. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Cyberworlds, pp. 383–390 (2010)
Shet, R.N., Lai, K.H., Edirisinghe, E.A., Chung, P.W.H.: Use of neural networks in automatic caricature generation: an approach based on drawing style capture. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Visual Information Engineering (2005)
Tseng, C.C., Lien, J.J.J.: Synthesis of exaggerative caricature with inter and intra correlations. In: Proceedings of Asian Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 314–323 (2007)
Tseng, C.C., Lien, J.J.J.: Colored exaggerative caricature creation using inter-and intra-correlations of feature shapes and positions. Image Vis. Comput. 30(1), 15–25 (2012)
Xu, Z., Chen, H., Zhu, S.C., Luo, J.: A hierarchical compositional model for face representation and sketching. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 30(6), 955–969 (2008)
Yang, W., Tajima, K., Xu, J., Toyoura, M., Mao, X.: Example-based automatic caricature generation. In: Cyberworlds, pp. 237–244 (2014)
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25280037 and 26240015, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. Q12F020007), and the Zhejiang Provincial Education Department, China (No. Y201121352).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, W., Toyoura, M., Xu, J. et al. Example-based caricature generation with exaggeration control. Vis Comput 32, 383–392 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1177-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1177-9