Abstract
The linked voxel model is commonly used to simulate real-time interactive cutting of deformable objects. Previous methods use a single level of voxels and result in tight coupling between collision and rendering. In this paper, a novel method using two levels of voxels is proposed. The object surface mesh is divided into an interface mesh constructed on a fine level voxel grid and a cut surface mesh constructed on a coarse level voxel grid. Collision uses a collision proxy constructed on the coarse level voxel grid and is therefore decoupled from the rendering quality of the interface mesh. The only drawback of our method is that collision is still coupled to the rendering quality of the cut surface mesh. Simulation tests show that simulations using our method have higher frame rates than those using a single level of fine voxels, while achieving comparable rendering qualities for the interface meshes. Although the rendering qualities of the cut surface meshes are only comparable to those using a single level of coarse voxels, the rendering qualities of the boundary lines between different materials on the cut surface and the outer edges of the cut surface are better.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wu, J., Westermann, R., Dick, C.: A survey of physically based simulation of cuts in deformable bodies. Comput. Gr. Forum 34(6), 161–187 (2015)
Courtecuisse, H., Allard, J., Kerfriden, P., Bordas, S.P.A., Cotin, S., Duriez, C.: Real-time simulation of contact and cutting of heterogeneous soft-tissues. Med. Image Anal. 18(2), 394–410 (2014)
Paulus, C.J., Untereiner, L., Courtecuisse, H., Cotin, S., Cazier, D.: Virtual cutting of deformable objects based on efficient topological operations. Vis. Comput. 31(6), 831–841 (2015)
Molino, N., Bao, Z., Fedkiw, R.: A virtual node algorithm for changing mesh topology during simulation. ACM Trans. on Gr. 23(3), 385–392 (2004)
Sifakis, E., Der, K.G., Fedkiw, R.. Arbitrary cutting of deformable tetrahedralized objects. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, August 2007, pp. 73–80
Wang, Y., Jiang, C., Schroeder, C., Teran, J.. An adaptive virtual node algorithm with robust mesh cutting. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, July 2014, pp. 77–85
Jia, S., Zhang, W., Yu, X., Pan, Z.: CPU-GPU mixed implementation of virtual node method for real-time interactive cutting of deformable objects using OpenCL. Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg. 10(9), 1477–1491 (2015)
Jeřábková, L., Kuhlen, T.: Stable cutting of deformable objects in virtual environments using xfem. IEEE Comput. Gr. Appl. 29(2), 61–71 (2009)
Kaufmann, P., Martin, S., Botsch, M., Grinspun, E., Gross, M.: Enrichment textures for detailed cutting of shells. ACM Trans. Gr. 28(3), 50 (2009)
Turkiyyah, G.M., Karam, W.B., Ajami, Z., Nasri, A.: Mesh cutting during real-time physical simulation. Computer. Aided Des. 43(7), 809–819 (2011)
Koschier, D., Bender, J., Thuerey, N.: Robust eXtended finite elements for complex cutting of deformables. ACM Trans. Gr. 36(4), 55 (2017)
Steinemann, D., Otaduy, M.A., Gross, M.: Splitting meshless deforming objects with explicit surface tracking. Gr. Models 71(6), 209–220 (2009)
Pietroni, N., Ganovelli, F., Cignoni, P., Scopigno, R.: Splitting cubes - A fast and robust technique for virtual cutting. Vis. Comput. 25(3), 227–239 (2009)
Aras, R., Shen, Y., Audette, M.: An analytic meshless enrichment function for handling discontinuities in interactive surgical simulation. Adv. Eng. Softw. 102, 40–48 (2016)
Pan, J., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Qin, H., Si, Y.: Real-time simulation of electrocautery procedure using meshfree methods in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Vis. Comput. 35(6–8), 861–872 (2019)
Magnoux, V., Ozell, B.: Real-time visual and physical cutting of a meshless model deformed on a background grid. Comput. Animat. Virt. W., Published online: June 8, 2020.
Berndt, I., Torchelsen, R., Maciel, A.: Efficient surgical cutting with position-based dynamics. IEEE Comput. Gr. Appl. 38(3), 24–31 (2017)
Pan, J., Yan, S., Qin, H., Hao, A.: Real-time dissection of organs via hybrid coupling of geometric metaballs and physics-centric mesh-free method. Vis. Comput. 34(1), 105–116 (2018)
Jeřábková, L., Bousquet, G., Barbier, S., Faure, F., Allard, J.: Volumetric modeling and interactive cutting of deformable bodies. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 103(2/3), 217–224 (2010)
Seiler, M., Steinemann, D., Spillmann, J., Harders, M.: Robust interactive cutting based on an adaptive octree simulation mesh. Vis. Comput. 27(6/8), 519–529 (2011)
Dick, C., Georgii, J., Westermann, R.: A hexahedral multigrid approach for simulating cuts in deformable objects. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Gr. 17(11), 1663–1675 (2011)
Wu, J., Dick, C., Westermann, R.: Interactive high-resolution boundary surfaces for deformable bodies with changing topology. In: VRIPHYS 2011—8th Workshop on Virtual Reality Interactions and Physical Simulations, pp. 29–38 (2011).
Wu, J., Dick, C., Westermann, R.: Efficient collision detection for composite finite element simulation of cuts in deformable bodies. Vis. Comput. 29(6/8), 739–749 (2013)
Ju, T., Losasso, F., Schaefer, S., Warren, J.: Dual contouring of hermite data. ACM Trans. Gr. 21(3), 339–346 (2002)
Jia, S., Pan, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, W., Yu, X.: Stable real-time surgical cutting simulation of deformable objects embedded with arbitrary triangular meshes. J. Comput. Sci. Tech. 32(6), 1198–1213 (2017)
Jia, S., Zhang, W., Yu, X., Pan, Z.: CPU-GPU parallel framework for real-time interactive cutting of adaptive octree-based deformable objects. Comput. Gr. Forum 37(1), 45–59 (2018)
Jia, S., Zhang, W., Pan, Z., Wang, G., Yu, X.: Using pseudo voxel octree to accelerate collision between cutting tool and deformable objects modeled as linked voxels. Vis. Comput. 36(5), 1017–1028 (2020)
Qi, D., Milef, N., De, S.: Divided Voxels: an efficient algorithm for interactive cutting of deformable objects. Vis. Comput. 37(5), 1113–1127 (2021)
Funding
The work described in this paper was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (Grant Number ZR2020MF043).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file1 (AVI 6286 kb)
Supplementary file2 (AVI 6230 kb)
Supplementary file3 (AVI 7398 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jia, S., Zhang, W., Wang, G. et al. A real-time deformable cutting method using two levels of linked voxels for improved decoupling between collision and rendering. Vis Comput 39, 765–783 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-021-02373-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-021-02373-2