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Robust 3D watermarking with high imperceptibility based on EMD on surfaces

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Abstract

The rising use of 3D digital products has increased the demand for copyright protection. In this paper, we propose a novel and robust 3D watermarking method with high imperceptibility based on EMD (empirical mode decomposition) on surfaces. It first defines a normalized modulus signal on a 3D host model so as to involve EMD into 3D watermarking effectively. And then, it extracts different scale features of the defined signal by using EMD to locate the proper embedding positions. After this, the watermark signal is embedded repeatedly and cyclically into the 3D host model to enhance the robustness. The embedding strength is optimized according to a predefined fidelity parameter to control the imperceptibility of the watermark. Many experiment results show that the proposed method can obtain good results against various attacks while maintaining high invisibility, such as pseudo-random noise, Laplacian smoothing, simplification, subdivision, cropping, and similarity transformation. Furthermore, it is very competitive with the current state-of-the-art 3D watermarking techniques in terms of robustness and invisibility.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province, China (No. 20210101472JC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Sciences, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China

    Jianping Hu, Minmin Dai, Qi Xie & Daochang Zhang

  2. School of Mathematical Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Xiaochao Wang

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Hu, J., Dai, M., Wang, X. et al. Robust 3D watermarking with high imperceptibility based on EMD on surfaces. Vis Comput 40, 7685–7700 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-03201-5

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