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You cannot speak and listen at the same time: a probabilistic model of turn-taking

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Abstract

Turn-taking is a preverbal skill whose mastering constitutes an important precondition for many social interactions and joint actions. However, the cognitive mechanisms supporting turn-taking abilities are still poorly understood. Here, we propose a computational analysis of turn-taking in terms of two general mechanisms supporting joint actions: action prediction (e.g., recognizing the interlocutor’s message and predicting the end of turn) and signaling (e.g., modifying one’s own speech to make it more predictable and discriminable). We test the hypothesis that in a simulated conversational scenario dyads using these two mechanisms can recognize the utterances of their co-actors faster, which in turn permits them to give and take turns more efficiently. Furthermore, we discuss how turn-taking dynamics depend on the fact that agents cannot simultaneously use their internal models for both action (or messages) prediction and production, as these have different requirements—or, in other words, they cannot speak and listen at the same time with the same level of accuracy. Our results provide a computational-level characterization of turn-taking in terms of cognitive mechanisms of action prediction and signaling that are shared across various interaction and joint action domains.

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Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank two anonymous reviewers for useful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Donnarumma, Pierpaolo Iodice & Giovanni Pezzulo

  2. RoboticsLab, Polytechnic School (DICGIM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128, Palermo, Italy

    Haris Dindo

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  1. Francesco Donnarumma
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  4. Giovanni Pezzulo
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Correspondence to Giovanni Pezzulo.

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The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme, Grant No. FP7-270108 (Goal-Leaders) to GP. The GEFORCE Titan used for this research was donated by the NVIDIA Corporation.

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Donnarumma, F., Dindo, H., Iodice, P. et al. You cannot speak and listen at the same time: a probabilistic model of turn-taking. Biol Cybern 111, 165–183 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-017-0714-1

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