Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Design principles of adaptive cellular immunity for artificial immune systems

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Soft Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Artificial immune systems (AISs) have been proposed as a new computing paradigm. This paper reviews design principles of adaptive cellular immunity, based on the immunological literature rather than the simplified mathematical models which have thus far dominated the development of framework for design, interpretation, and application of AISs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Aickelin U, Cayzer S (2003) The danger theory and its application to artificial immune systems. In: Timmis et al. [41], pp 141–148

  • Ayara M, Timmis J, de Lemos R, de Castro LN, Duncan R (2002) Negative selection: How to generate detectors. In: Timmis and Bentley [40], pp 89–98

  • van den Berg HA, Kiselev YN (2004) Expansion and contraction of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response—an optimal control approach. Bull Math Biol 66:1345–1369

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg HA, Rand DA (2003) Antigen presentation on MHC molecules as a diversity filter that enhances immune efficacy. J Theor Biol 224:249–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg HA, Rand DA (2004a) Dynamics of T cell activation threshold tuning. J Theor Biol 228:397–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg HA, Rand DA (2004b) Foreigness as a matter of degree: the relative immunogenicity of peptide/MHC ligands. J Theor Biol 231:535–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg HA, Rand DA (2007) Quantitative theories of T-cell responsiveness. Immunol Rev 216:81–92

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg HA, Rand DA, Burroughs NJ (2001) A reliable and safe T cell repertoire based on low-affinity T cell receptors. J Theor Biol 209:465–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bersini H (2003) Self-assertion versus self-recognition: a tribute to Francisco Varela. In: Timmis et al. [41], pp 107–112

  • Bongrand P, Malissen B (1998) Quantitative aspects of T-cell recognition: from within the antigen-presenting cell to within the T cell. BioEssays 20:412–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burroughs N, Kesmir C, de Boer R (2004) Discriminating self from nonself with short peptides from large proteomes. Immunogenetics 56:311–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czerwinski M, Cage D, Gemmell J, Catarci T, Marshall CC, Perez-Quinones M, Skeels MM (2006) Digital memories in an era of ubiquitous computing and abundant storage. Commun ACM 49:44–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis SJ, Ikemizu S, Evans EJ, Fugger L, Bakker TR, van der Merwe PA (2003) The nature of molecular recognition by T cells. Nat Immunol 4:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Castro LN, Timmis JI (2003) Artificial immune systems as a novel soft computing paradigm. Soft Comput 7(8):526–544

    Google Scholar 

  • de Castro LN, von Zuben FJ (eds) (2005) Recent developments in biologically inspired computing. Idea Group, January 2005

  • Dunkin MA (1999) A maverick researcher bucks the establishment. In: Arthritis today magazine, March–April 1999

  • Gallucci S, Matzinger P (2001) Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 13:114–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg DE (1988) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison Wesley, Reading

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldrath AW, Bevan MJ (1999) Selecting and maintaining a diverse T-cell repertoire. Nature 402:255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein B, Faeder JR, Hlavacek W (2004) Mathematical and computational models of immune-receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 4:445–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González F, Dasgupta D (2003) Neuro-immune and self-organizing map approaches to anomaly detection: a comparison. In: Timmis et al. [41], pp 203–211

  • Hershberg U, Efroni S (2001) The immune system and other cognitive systems. Complexity 6:14–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hone A, van den Berg HA (2007) Mathematical analysis of artificial immune system dynamics and performance. In: Flower D, Timmis J (eds) Silico immunology. Springer, Heidelberg

  • Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F (2000) Dynamics of T lymphocyte responses: intermediates, effectors, and memory cells. Science 290:92–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzi PL (2008) Learning classifier systems: then and now. Evol Intel 1:63–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P (2001) Essay 1: the danger model in its historical context. Scand J Immunol 54:4–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JFAP, Kurts C, Allison J, Kosaka H, Carbone F, Heath WR (1998) Induction of peripheral CD 8+ T cell tolerance by cross-presentation of self antigens. Immunol Rev 165:267–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller V, Bonhoeffer S (2003) Quantitative constraints on the scope of negative selection. TRENDS Immunol 24:132–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neal M, Timmis J (2005) Once more unto the breach: towards artifical homeostasis? In: de Castro, von Zuben [15], pp 340–365

  • Nicosia G, Cutello V, Bentley P, Timmis J (eds) (2004) Third international conference on artificial immune systems, September 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3239. Springer, Heidelberg

  • Perelson AS, Oster GF (1979) Theoretical studies of clonal selection: minimal antibody repertoire size and reliability of self-non-self discrimination. J Theor Biol 81:645–670

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas R (1996) Neural networks: a systematic introduction. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Roncarolo M-G, Levings MK (2000) The role of different subsets of T regulatory cells in controlling autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 12:676–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sansom DM (2000) CD28, CTLA-4 and their ligands: Who does what and to whom? Immunology 101:169–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon HA (1996) The sciences of the artificial, 3rd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepney S (2007) Embodiment. In: Flower D, Timmis J (eds) Silico immunology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 265–288

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stepney S, Smith RE, Timmis J, Tyrell AM (2004) Towards a conceptual framework for artificial immune systems. In Nicosia et al. [30], pp 53–64

  • Stevanović S, Schild H (1999) Quantitative aspects of T cell activation—peptide generation and editing by MHC class I molecule. Semin Immunol 11:375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmis J, Andrews P, Owens N, Clark E (2008) An interdisciplinary perspective on artificial immune systems. Evol Intel 1:5–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmis J, Bentley P (eds) (2002) 1st International conference on artificial immune systems. University of Kent at Canterbury, September 2002

  • Timmis J, Bentley P, Hart E (eds) (2003) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on artificial immune systems, September 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2787. Springer, Heidelberg

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Andrew Hone, David Rand, Colin Johnson, Mark Neal, Jon Timmis, Susan Stepney, as well as two anonymous referees for stimulating discussions and suggestions. Support from the ARTIST network is gratefully acknowledged: http://www.artificial-immune-systems.org/artist.ht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Hugo Antonius van den Berg

Authors
  1. Hugo Antonius van den Berg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hugo Antonius van den Berg.

Additional information

An earlier version of this work was presented as a position paper at the ARTIST Network for Artificial Immune Systems meeting held on 8th–9th November 2004.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

van den Berg, H.A. Design principles of adaptive cellular immunity for artificial immune systems. Soft Comput 13, 1073–1080 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-008-0380-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-008-0380-2

Keywords