Abstract
Given a graph G and a bound d ≥ 2, the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem seeks a spanning tree on G of minimum weight subject to the constraint that its diameter does not exceed d. This problem is NP-hard; several heuristics have been proposed to find near-optimal solutions to it in reasonable times. A decentralized learning automata-based algorithm creates spanning trees that honor the diameter constraint. The algorithm rewards a tree if it has the smallest weight found so far and penalizes it otherwise. As the algorithm proceeds, the choice probability of the tree converges to one; and the algorithm halts when this probability exceeds a predefined value. Experiments confirm the superiority of the algorithm over other heuristics in terms of both speed and solution quality.

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abdalla A, Deo N, Gupta P (2000) Random-tree diameter and the diameter-constrained MST. Congressus Numerantium 144:161–182
Achuthan NR, Caccetta L, Caccetta P, Geelen A (1994) Computational methods for the diameter restricted minimum-weight spanning tree problem. Aust J Comb 10:51–71
Aggarwal V, Aneja Y, Nair K (1982) Minimal spanning tree subject to a side constraint. Comput Oper Res 9:287–296
Akbari Torkestani J (2012a) Degree constrained minimum spanning tree problem in stochastic graph. J Cybern Syst 43(1):1–21
Akbari Torkestani J (2012b) An adaptive backbone formation algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012c) A new approach to the job scheduling problem in computational grids. Clust Comput (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012d) LAAP: a learning automata-based adaptive polling scheme for clustered wireless ad-hoc networks. Wirel Pers Commun (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012e) Mobility prediction in mobile wireless Networks. J Netw Comput Appl (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012f) An adaptive learning automata-based ranking function discovery algorithm. J Intel Inf Syst (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012g) A stable virtual backbone for wireless MANETS. Telecommun Syst J (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J (2012h) An adaptive focused web crawling algorithm based on learning automata. Appl Intel (in press)
Akbari Torkestani J, Meybodi MR (2011a) LLACA: an adaptive localized clustering algorithm for wireless ad hoc networks based on learning automata. J Comput Electr Eng 37:461–474
Akbari Torkestani J, Meybodi MR (2011b) A link stability-based multicast routing protocol for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. J Netw Comput Appl 34(4):1429–1440
Akbari Torkestani J, Meybodi MR (2012) Finding minimum weight connected dominating set in stochastic graph based on learning automata. Inf Sci 200:57–77
Ballardie A, Francis P, Crowcroft J (1993) Core-based trees (CBT)—an architecture for scalable inter-domain multicast routing. Comput Commun Rev 23(4):85–95
Beasley EJ (1990) OR-Library: distributing test problems by electronic mail. J Oper Res Soc 41(11):1069–1072
Beasley EJ (2005) OR-Library: capacitated MST. http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/orlib/capmstinfo.html
Binh H, Nghia N (2009) New multiparent recombination in genetic algorithm for solving bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Proceedings of 1st Asian Conference on intelligent information and database systems, pp 283–288
Binh H, Hoai N, McKay RI (2008) A new hybrid genetic algorithm for solving the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Proceedings of IEEE World Congress on computational intelligence (CEC’2008), pp 3127–3133
Bookstein A, Klein ST (2001) Compression of correlated bitvectors. Inf Syst 16:110–118
Bui TN, Zrncic CM (2006) An ant-based algorithm for finding degree-constrained minimum spanning tree. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, pp 11–18
Feo TA, Resende MGC (1989) A probabilistic heuristic for a computationally difficult set covering problem. Oper Res Lett 8:67–71
Gouveia L, Magnanti TL (2003) Network flow models for designing diameter-constrained minimum-spanning and steiner trees. Networks 41(3):159–173
Gouveia L, Magnanti TL, Requejo C (2004) A 2-path approach for odd-diameter-constrained minimum spanning and Steiner trees. Networks 44:254–265
Gouveia L, Simonetti L, Uchoa E (2011) Modeling hop-constrained and diameter-constrained minimum spanning tree problems as Steiner tree problems over layered graphs. J Math Program 128(1–2):123–148
Gruber M, Raidl GR (2005) Variable neighborhood search for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Proceedings of the 18th Mini Euro Conference on variable neighborhood search. Tenerife, Spain
Gruber M and Raidl GR (2005) A New 0-1 ILP approach for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Network Optimization Conference
Gruber M, Raidl GR (2009) Exploiting hierarchical clustering for finding bounded-diameter minimum spanning trees on Euclidean instances. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO). Canada, pp 263–270
Gruber M, Hemert J, Raidl GR (2006) Neighborhood searches for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem embedded in a VNS, EA and ACO. In: Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computational Conference (GECCO’2006)
Hanr L, Wang Y (2006) A novel genetic algorithm for degree-constrained minimum spanning tree problem. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur 6(7A):50s–57s
Julstrom BA (2004) Encoding bounded-diameter minimum spanning trees with permutations and random keys. In: Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computational Conference (GECCO’2004)
Julstrom BA (2004) Encoding bounded-diameter minimum spanning trees with permutations and with random keys. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (Lecture Note on Computer Science), vol 3102, pp 1282–1281
Julstrom BA, Raidl GR (2003) A permutation-coded evolutionary algorithm for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conferences Workshops Proceedings, Workshop on analysis and design of representations, pp 2–7
Karp RM (1972) Reducibility among combinatorial problems, complexity of computer computations. Plenum Press, USA, pp 85–103
Krishnamoorthy M, Ernst A (2001) Comparison of algorithms for the degree constrained minimum spanning tree. J Heuristics 7:587–611
Kruskal JB (1956) On the shortest spanning sub tree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of American Mathematical Society, pp 748–750
Lourenço HR, Martin OC, Stutzle T (2002) Iterated local search. Handbook of Metaheuristics, Kluwer, pp 321–353
Lucena A, Ribeiro CC, Santos AC (2010) A hybrid heuristic for the diameter-constrained minimum spanning tree problem. J Global Optim 46:363–381
Narendra KS, Thathachar MAL (1989) Learning automata: an introduction. Prentice-Hall, New York
Oencan T, Cordeau JF, Laporte G (2008) A tabu search heuristic for the generalized minimum spanning tree problem. Eur J Oper Res 191(2):306–319
Oncan T (2007) Design of capacitated minimum spanning tree with uncertain cost and demand parameters. Inf Sci 177:4354–4367
Parsa M, Zhu Q, Garcia-Luna-Aceves JJ (1998) An iterative algorithm for delay-constrained minimum-cost multicasting. IEEE/ACM Trans Networking 6(4):461–474
Prim RC (1957) Shortest connection networks and some generalizations. Bell Syst Tech J 36:1389–1401
Raidl GR, Julstrom BA (2003) Greedy heuristics and an evolutionary algorithm for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Symposium on APPLIED Computing, pp 747–752
Raidl GR, Julstrom BA (2003b) Edge sets: an effective evolutionary coding of spanning trees. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 7(3):225–239
Raymond K (1989) A tree-based algorithm for distributed mutual exclusion. ACM Trans Comput Syst 7(1):61–77
Requejo C, Santos E (2009) Greedy heuristics for the diameter-constrained minimum spanning tree problem. J Math Sci 161(6):930–943
Salama HF, Reeves DS, Viniotis Y (1997) The delay-constrained minimum spanning tree problem. In Proceedings of the Second IEEE Symposium on computers and communications, pp 699–703
Santos AC, Lucena A, Ribeiro CC (2004) Solving diameter-constrained minimum spanning tree problem in dense graphs. Lect Notes Comput Sci 3059:458–467
Sharaiha YM, Gendreau M, Laporte G, Osman IH (1998) A tabu search algorithm for the capacitated shortest spanning tree problem. Networks 29(3):161–171
Singh A, Gupta AK (2007) Improved heuristics for the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. Soft Comput 11(10):911–921
Soak SM, Jeon M (2010) The property analysis of evolutionary algorithms applied to spanning tree problems. Appl Intell 32(1):96–121
Thathachar MAL, Harita BR (1987) Learning automata with changing number of actions. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMG17:1095–1100
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akbari Torkestani, J. An adaptive heuristic to the bounded-diameter minimum spanning tree problem. Soft Comput 16, 1977–1988 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-012-0869-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-012-0869-6