Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

RETRACTED ARTICLE: An adaptive traffic routing approach toward load balancing and congestion control in Cloud–MANET ad hoc networks

  • Application of soft computing
  • Published:
Soft Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article was retracted on 22 October 2024

This article has been updated

Abstract

It would not be an overstatement to say that Cloud services have exponentially increased the computing power of mobile devices, enabling operators to undertake complex procedures including research, data mining as well as adept handling of multimedia. However, these gains are not without substantial challenges brought on by the dynamic nature of ad hoc and unpredictable network tasks, often triggered by random topological alterations in the systems. This makes network congestion and the subsequent load balancing issues very complex. In fact, network congestion and flexibility, along with channel errors, contribute most to the loss of data in wireless grid systems. While most of the relevant research work has been directed toward the issues of energy efficiency and congestion load balancing, the aim of this study was to research and build an ad hoc mobility model using Cloud computing to enable secure Internet of Things communication between smart devices. It proposed to construct a new connectivity architecture to enable secure communication between smart devices in a network. This was aided by a proficient routing protocol proposed in this work for adaptive control of network congestion and efficient load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed technique combined the discovery of multiple alternate paths between two nodes, while calculating the cost and stability of the link and traffic load based on the available power of the participating nodes and intelligent routing of traffic based on threshold values. It took into account various aspects like packet delivery ratio versus data rate, comparison of end-to-end delay for differing traffic loads, and comparison of throughput of differing data rates in the proposed scheme vis-à-vis existing schemes. It was evident from the outcomes of the simulations that the projected approach enhanced the network lifespan by integrating load balancing and congestion control with energy-efficient algorithms. Consequently, it significantly reduced the packet dropping probability and node to node delay in the network and improved the system lifetime.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data availability

For this work, no other data is required.

Change history

References

  • Al-Absi MA, Al-Absi AA, Sain M, Lee H (2021) Moving ad hoc networks—a comparative study. Sustainability 13(11):6187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam T (2019) Middleware implementation in cloud-MANET mobility model for internet of smart devices. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur 17(5):86–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Stewart BG, Shahrabi A, Vallavaraj A (2012) Congestion adaptive multipath routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2012 International conference on innovations in information technology (IIT). IEEE, pp 305–309

  • Basavaraju TG, Sarkar SK, Puttamadappa C, Gautham MA (2006, June) ECARP: an efficient congestion adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2006 6th international conference on ITS telecommunications, Chengdu, China. IEEE, pp 715–718

  • Chen Y, Chen J (2021) A secure three-factor-based authentication with key agreement protocol for e-Health clouds. J Supercomput 77(4):3359–3380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03395-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Heinzelman WB (2005) QoS-aware routing based on bandwidth estimation for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 23(3):561–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Jones HM, Jayalath ADS (2007) Congestion-aware routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2007 IEEE 66th vehicular technology conference. IEEE, pp 21–25

  • Dilli R, Reddy PCS (2016, October) Implementation of security features in MANETs using SHA-3 standard algorithm. In: 2016 international conference on computation system and information technology for sustainable solutions (CSITSS). IEEE, pp 455–458

  • Ghafir I, Saleem J, Hammoudeh M, Faour H, Prenosil V, Jaf S, Baker T (2018) Security threats to critical infrastructure: the human factor. J Supercomput 74(10):4986–5002

  • Hashim R, Nasir Q, Harous S (2007) Congestion aware multi-path dynamic source routing protocol (CAWMP-DSR) for mobile ad-hoc network. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on advances in mobile computing and multimedia (MoMM ’07), Jakarta, Indonesia, December 2007, pp 199–206

  • Jeong YS, Ahn BT (2021) An efficient management scheme of blockchain-based cloud user information using probabilistic weighting. J Supercomput 77(4):3339–3358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03396-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalime S, Sagar K (2020) A review: secure routing protocols for mobile adhoc networks (manets). J Crit Rev 7(19):8385–8393

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanellopoulos DN (2019) Recent progress on QoS scheduling for mobile ad hoc networks. J Organ End User Comput (JOEUC) 31(3):37–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanellopoulos D, Sharma VK (2020) Survey on power-aware optimization solutions for manets. Electronics 9(7):1129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalaf OI, Ajesh F, Hamad AA, Nguyen GN, Le DN (2020) Efficient dual-cooperative bait detection scheme for collaborative attackers on mobile ad-hoc networks. IEEE Access 8:227962–227969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Tomar GS, Shrivastava L, Bhadauria SS, Lee WH (2014) Load balanced congestion adaptive routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 10(7):532043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KV, Jayasankar T, Eswaramoorthy V, Nivedhitha V (2020) SDARP: security based data aware routing protocol for ad hoc sensor networks. Int J Intell Netw 1:36–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Le DN, Bhatt CM, Madhukar M (eds) (2019) Security designs for the cloud, IoT, and social networking. Wiley, London

  • Le DN (2017) A new ant algorithm for optimal service selection with end-to-end QoS constraints. J Internet Technol 18(5):1017–1030

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Le DN, Seth B, Dalal S (2018) A hybrid approach of secret sharing with fragmentation and encryption in cloud environment for securing outsourced medical database: a revolutionary approach. J Cyber Secur Mobil 7(4):379–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SJ, Gerla M (2001) Dynamic load-aware routing in ad hoc networks. In: ICC 2001. IEEE international conference on communications. Conference Record (Cat. No. 01CH37240), vol 10, pp 3206–3210. IEEE

  • Lu Y, Wang W, Zhong Y, Bhargava B (2003) Study of distance vector routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the first IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications, 2003 (PerCom 2003). IEEE, pp 187–194

  • Mallapur SV, Patil SR, Agarkhed JV (2017) Load balancing technique for congestion control multipath routing protocol in MANETs. Wirel Pers Commun 92(2):749–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins CE, Bhagwat P (1994) Routing over multi-hop wireless network of mobile computers. In: Mobile computing. The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol 353. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 183–205

  • Prabhavat S, Nishiyama H, Ansari N, Kato N (2011) Effective delay-controlled load distribution over multipath networks. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 22(10):1730–1741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quan L, Xiao S, Xue X, Lu C (2016) Neighbor-aided spatial–temporal compressive data gathering in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun Lett 20(3):578–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riasudheen H, Selvamani K, Mukherjee S, Divyasree IR (2020) An efficient energy-aware routing scheme for cloud-assisted MANETs in 5G. Ad Hoc Netw 97:102021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyaraj P, Rukmani Devi D (2021) Designing the routing protocol with secured IoT devices and QoS over Manet using trust-based performance evaluation method. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 12(7):6987–6995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02358-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seth B, Dalal S, Jaglan V, Le DN, Mohan S, Srivastava G (2020) Integrating encryption techniques for secure data storage in the cloud. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol, e4108

  • Sharma VK, Kumar M (2017) Adaptive energy efficient load distribution using fuzzy approach. Adhoc Sens Wirel Netw 39:123–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Jain RC, Bhadauria SS (2006) Simulation study of congestion adaptive routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc network. Trends Appl Sci Res 1:368–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Bansal A, Rishiwal V (2020) SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network. Int J Pervas Comput Commun 16(3):205–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava L, Tomar GS, Bhadoria SS (2011) A load-balancing approach for congestion adaptivity in MANET. In: 2011 international conference on computational intelligence and communication networks. IEEE, pp 32–36

  • Singh RK, Nand P (2016) Literature review of routing attacks in MANET. In: 2016 international conference on computing, communication and automation (ICCCA). IEEE, pp 525–530

  • Singh R, Singh P, Duhan M (2014) An effective implementation of security based algorithmic approach in mobile adhoc networks. HCIS 4(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Soundararajan S, Bhuvaneswaran RS (2012) Multipath load balancing and rate based congestion control for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In: 2012 second international conference on digital information and communication technology and it’s applications (DICTAP) Bangkok, Thailand, May 2012. IEEE, pp 30–35

  • Tabrizchi H, Rafsanjani MK (2020) A survey on security challenges in cloud computing: issues, threats, and solutions. J Supercomput 76(12):9493–9532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03213-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Y, Wu F, Wu Q, Liao X (2019) Resource stealing: a resource multiplexing method for mix workloads in cloud system. J Supercomput 75(1):33–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toh CK, Le AN, Cho YZ (2009) Load balanced routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. IEEE Commun Mag 47(8):78–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tran DA, Raghavendra H (2006) Congestion adaptive routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 17(11):1294–1305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyas A, Satheesh A (2018) Implementing security features in MANET routing protocols. Int J Comput Netw Inform Secur 10(8):51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu WC, Liaw HT (2015) A study on high secure and efficient MANET routing scheme. J Sensors 365863

  • Wu W, Zhang Z, Sha X, He C (2009) Auto rate MAC protocol based on congestion detection for wireless ad hoc networks. Inf Technol J 8(8):1205–1212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, He J, Zhang Y, Xu F, Cai F (2016) A distance-based maximum likelihood estimation method for sensor localization in wireless sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sensor Netw 12(4):2080536

  • Zhang D, Zhang T, Liu X (2019) Novel self-adaptive routing service algorithm for application in VANET. Appl Intell 49(5):1866–1879

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study and all authors have received no funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Computing Science and Information Technology, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

    Surjeet Dalal

  2. SRM University, NCR-Sonipat, Haryana, India

    Bijeta Seth,  Surbhi & Neeraj Dahiya

  3. DPGITM, Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Vivek Jaglan & Uma Rani

  4. Starex University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Meenakshi Malik

  5. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam

    Dac-Nhuong Le

  6. School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam

    Dac-Nhuong Le

  7. Providence University, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Yu-Chen Hu

Authors
  1. Surjeet Dalal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bijeta Seth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vivek Jaglan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Meenakshi Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Surbhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. Neeraj Dahiya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Uma Rani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Dac-Nhuong Le
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yu-Chen Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dac-Nhuong Le.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by Suresh Chandra Satapathy.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-024-10220-4

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dalal, S., Seth, B., Jaglan, V. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: An adaptive traffic routing approach toward load balancing and congestion control in Cloud–MANET ad hoc networks. Soft Comput 26, 5377–5388 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07099-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07099-4

Keywords