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A cooperative genetic algorithm based on extreme learning machine for data classification

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Abstract

It is a challenging task to optimize network structure and connection parameters simultaneously in a single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFN). Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a popular non-iterative learning method in recent years, which often provides good generalization performance of a SLFN at extremely fast learning speed, yet only for fixed network structure. In this work, a cooperative binary-real genetic algorithm (CGA) based on ELM, called CGA-ELM, is proposed to adjust the structure and parameters of a SLFN simultaneously for achieving a compact network with good generalization performance. In CGA-ELM, a hybrid coding scheme is designed to evolve the network structure and input parameters, i.e., input weights between input nodes and hidden nodes as well as the biases of hidden nodes. Then output parameters, i.e., output weights between hidden nodes and output nodes, are determined by the ELM. A combination of training error and network complexity is taken as the fitness function to evaluate the performance of a SLFN. A binary GA is responsible for optimizing network structure, while a real GA and the ELM optimize collaboratively network parameters. Experimental results on classification applications demonstrate that CGA-ELM outperforms CGA and ELM significantly in terms of the generalization ability. Also, CGA-ELM has more competitive capacity when compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms.

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Data Availability

The data used to support the finding are cited within the article. Also, the datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710126, Shaanxi, China

    Lixia Bai, Hong Li, Weifeng Gao & Jin Xie

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  1. Lixia Bai
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  2. Hong Li
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  3. Weifeng Gao
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  4. Jin Xie
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Correspondence to Hong Li.

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Funding

This work was supported in part by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program Nos. 2022JM-372 and 2022JQ-670), in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61966030, 61772391, and 62106186), in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. JB210701).

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Bai, L., Li, H., Gao, W. et al. A cooperative genetic algorithm based on extreme learning machine for data classification. Soft Comput 26, 8585–8601 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07202-9

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