Abstract
Decision-making pervades the human experience. The human decision process is driven by rational reasoning, which is the capacity to use the faculty of reason to facilitate logical thinking and to derive uncertain but sensible arguments from existing knowledge and the observed fact. Knowledge refers to the accumulation and the continuous neurological organization of information via the repeated exposure to its effective usage. Functionally, a decision support system seeks to provide a systematic and human-like way to data analysis by synthesizing an expert’s knowledge and reasoning capability to support the decision process of the user. However, conventional knowledge engineering and decision support systems often performed poorly when they are applied to problem domains festered with uncertain information, where the quality of the observed data is compromised by measurement noises. This paper presents T2-GenSoFNN, a brain-inspired fuzzy semantic memory model embedded with Type-2 fuzzy logic inference for learning and reasoning with noise-corrupted data. The proposed T2-GenSoFNN model is applied to the modeling of human insulin levels for the proper regulation of blood glucose concentration in diabetes therapy. The results are encouraging.



Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Wilson RA, Keils FC (2001) The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences. MIT Press, Cambridge
Tomporowski PD (2003) The psychology of skill: a life-span approach. Praeger, New York
Sweatt JD (2003) Mechanisms of memory. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Smith JD, Washburn DA (2005) Uncertainty monitoring and metacognition by animals. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 14:19–24
Ballard DH (1997) An introduction to natural computation. MIT, Cambridge
Buntine W (1992) Learning classification trees. Stat Comput 2:63–73
Cristianini N, Shawe-Taylor J (2000) An introduction to support vector machines and other Kernel-based learning methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Berenji HR, Khedkar P (1992) Learning and tuning fuzzy logic controllers through reinforcements. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 3:724–740
Karnik NN, Mendel JM, Liang Q (1999) Type-2 fuzzy logic systems. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 7:643–658
Tung WL, Quek C (2002) GenSoFNN: a generic self-organizing fuzzy neural network. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 13:1075–1086
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000) Principles of neural science, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, New York
Mamdani EH (1977) Application of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic systems. IEEE Trans Comput C-26:1182–1191
Quartz S, Sejnowski TJ (1997) The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto. Behav Brain Sci 20:537–596
Ratcliff R (1990) Connectionist models of recognition memory: constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions. Psychol Rev 96:523–568
Kandel ER, Kupfermann I, Iversen S (2000) Learning and Memory. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (eds) Principles of neural science, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1227–1246
Amaral DG, Petersen S (1999) Functional imaging of the human hippocampus. A special issue of Hippocampus, 9(1)
Damasio AR, Damasio H, Christen Y (1996) Neurobiology of decision-making. Springer, Heidelberg
Henke K, Buck A, Weber B, Wieser HG (1997) Human hippocampus establishes associations in memory. Hippocampus 7:249–256
McCloskey M, Cohen NJ (1989) Catastrophic interference in connectionist networks: the sequential learning problem. In: Bower GH (ed) The psychology of learning and motivation, vol 24. Academic, New York
Kempermann G, Wiskott L, Gage FH (2004) Functional significance of adult neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:186–191
Wiskott L, Rasch M, Kempermann G (2006) A functional hypothesis for adult hippocampal neurogenesis: avoidance of catastrophic interference in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 16(3):329–343
Tung WL (2004) A generalized framework for fuzzy neural architecture. Doctoral Thesis, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Casillas J, Cordon O, Herrera F, Magdalena L (2003) Interpretability improvements to find the balance interpretability–accuracy in fuzzy modeling: an overview. In: Casillas J, Cordon O, Herrera F, Magdalena L (eds) Interpretability issues in fuzzy modeling. Springer, Heidelberg
Marin JG-Blazquez, Shen Q (2002) From approximative to descriptive fuzzy classifiers. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 10:484–497
Toth H (1997) Fuzziness: from epistemic considerations to terminological clarification. Int J Uncertain Fuzz Knowl Based Syst 5:481–503
Liang Q, Mendel JM (2000) Interval Type-2 fuzzy logic systems: theory and design. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 8:535–550
Tung WL, Quek C (2002) DIC: a novel discrete incremental clustering technique for the derivation of fuzzy membership functions. In: Lecture notes in artificial intelligence 2417—PRICAI 2002: trends in artificial intelligence, pp 178–187
Tung WL, Quek C (2005) GenSo-FDSS: a neural-fuzzy decision support system for pediatric ALL cancer subtype identification using gene expression data. Artif Intell Med 33:61–88
Postman L, Jenkins WO, Postman DL (1948) An experimental comparison of active recall and recognition. Am J Psychol 61:511–519
Schacter DL (1996) Searching for memory: the brain, the mind and the past. Basic Books, New York
DirecNet (2004) Accuracy of the glucowatch G2 biographer and the continuous glucose monitoring system during hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 27:722–726
Tung WL, Teddy SD, Zhao G (2005) Neurologically inspired modeling of the human glucose metabolic process. Centre for Computational Intelligence, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, C2i-TR-05/002
GlucoSim, Online. http://www.216.47.139.196/glucosim/index.html
Jang JSR (1993) ANFIS: Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cyberns 23:665–685
Tung WL, Quek C, Cheng PYK (2004) GenSo-EWS: a novel neural-fuzzy based early warning system for predicting bank failures. Neural Netw 17:567–587
Sietsma J, Dow RJF (1991) Creating artificial neural networks that generalize. Neural Netw 4:67–79
Webb AR (1994) Functional approximation by feed-forward networks: a least-squares approach to generalization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5:363–371
Bishop CM (1995) Training with noise is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization. Neural Comput 7:108–116
Centre for Computational Intelligence, Online. http://www.c2i.ntu.edu.sg
Ang KK, Quek C (2005) RSPOP: rough set-based pseudo outer-product fuzzy rule identification algorithm. Neural Comput 17:205–243
Quah KH, Quek C (2006) FITSK: online local learning with generic fuzzy input Takagi–Sugeno–Kang fuzzy framework for nonlinear system estimation. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 36:166–178
Tung WL, Quek C (2004) Falcon: neural fuzzy control and decision systems using FKP and PFKP clustering algorithms. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 34:686–695
Quek C, Tung WL (2001) A novel approach to the derivation of fuzzy membership functions using the Falcon-MART architecture. Pattern Recognit Lett 22:941–958
Ang KK, Quek C, Pasquier M (2003) POPFNN-CRI(S): pseudo outer product based fuzzy neural network using the compositional rule of inference and singleton fuzzifier. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 33:838–849
Quek C, Zhou RW (1996) POPFNN: a pseudo outer-product based fuzzy neural network. Neural Netw 9:1569–1581
Quah KH, Quek C (2006) Maximum reward reinforcement learning: a non-cumulative reward criterion. Expert Syst Appl 31:351–359
Sim JEW, Tung WL, Quek C (2006) FCMAC-Yager: A novel yager inference scheme based fuzzy CMAC. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(6):1394–1410
Teddy SD, Lai EMK, Quek C (2006) Hierarchically clustered adaptive quantization CMAC and its learning convergence. IEEE Trans Neural Netw (in press)
Pasquier M, Quek C, Toh M (2001) Fuzzylot: a novel self-organizing fuzzy-neural rule-based pilot system for automated vehicles. Neural Netw 14:1099–1112
Quek C, Zhou RW (2002) Antiforgery: a novel pseudo-outer product based fuzzy neural network driven signature verification system. Pattern Recognit Lett 23:1795–1816
Ang KK, Quek C, Wahab A (2001) MCMAC-CVT: a novel on-line associative memory based CVT transmission control system. Neural Netw 15:219–236
Quek C, Tan B, Sagar V (2001) POPFNN-based fingerprint verification system. Neural Netw 14:305–323
Tan TZ, Quek C, Ng GS (2005) Ovarian cancer diagnosis by hippocampus and neocortex-inspired learning memory structure. Neural Netw 18:818–825
Ang KK, Quek C (2006) Stock trading using RSPOP: a novel rough set-based neuro-fuzzy approach. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(5):1301–1315
Acknowledgments
The work of W. L. Tung was supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship from the Singapore Millennium Foundation (SMF- http://www.smf-scholar.org/).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tung, W.L., Quek, C. A brain-inspired fuzzy semantic memory model for learning and reasoning with uncertainty. Neural Comput & Applic 16, 559–569 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-007-0101-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-007-0101-2