Abstract
In this paper, a novel method based on feed-forward neural networks is presented for solving Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. In the present approach, we first approximate the unknown function based on neural networks, then substitute the approximate function in the appropriate error function of the integral equation, and finally train the network with as few neurons as necessary to achieve the desired accuracy. This novel method, in comparison with Harr function and Bernstein polynomials methods, shows that the use of neural networks provides solutions with very good generalizations and higher accuracy. The proposed method is illustrated by several examples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bôcher M (1914) Integral equations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Doncheski MA, Robinett RW (2002) Quantum mechanical analysis of the equilateral triangle billiard: periodic orbit theory and wave packet revivals. Ann Phys 299:208–227
Effati S, Pakdaman M (2010) Artificial neural network approach for solving fuzzy differential equations. Information Sciences 180:1434–1457
Golbabai A, Seifollahi S (2009) Solving a system of nonlinear integral equations by an RBF network. Comput Math Appl 57:1651–1658
Golbabai A, Seifollahi S (2006) Numerical solution of the second kind integral equations using radial basis function networks. Appl Math Comput 181:903–907
Golbabai A, Seifollahi S (2006) An iterative solution for the second kind integral equations using radial basis functions. Appl Math Comput 181:903–907
Hagan MT, Menhaj MB (1994) Training feedforward neural network with the Marquardt algorithm. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989–993
Haykin S (1999) Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, New York
Hornick K, Stinchcombe M, White H (1989) Multi-layer feed forward networks are universal approximators. Neural Networks 2(5):359–366
Hristev AM (1998) Artificial neural networks. The GNU Public License, ver. 2. 1st edn
Jerri AJ (1932) Introduction to integral equations with applications. Clarkson University Press, Potsdam
Kecman V (2001) Learning and soft computing, Massachusetts institute of technology. MIT Press, New York
Kincaid D, Cheney W (1991) Numerical analysis. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove
Krose B, Vander Smagt P (1996) An introduction to neural networks. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam
Lagaris IE, Likas A (1998) Artificial neural networks for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, IEEE. Trans Neural Networks 9(5):987–1000
Lapedes A, Farber R (1988) How neural nets work? In: Anderson DZ (eds), Neural information processing systems. AIP, New York, pp 442–456
Luenberger DG (1984) Linear and nonlinear programming. 2nd edn. Addison-wesley, Reading
Reihani MH, Abadi Z (2007) Rationalized Haar functions method for solving Fredholm and Volterra integral equations. J Comp Appl Math 200:12–20
Shirin A, Islam MS (2010) Numerical solutions of fredholm integral equations using bernstein polynomials. J Sci Res 2(2):264–272
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Effati, S., Buzhabadi, R. A neural network approach for solving Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Neural Comput & Applic 21, 843–852 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-010-0489-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-010-0489-y